Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Blood Types and Antigens
Blood types, including A, B, AB, and O, are determined by the presence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens are glycoproteins that can trigger immune responses if foreign to the body. The A and B antigens define the A and B blood types, while O type lacks these antigens. Understanding these antigens is crucial for blood transfusions and compatibility.
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Rh Factor
The Rh factor is another antigen that can be present on red blood cells, specifically the D antigen. Individuals who have this antigen are classified as Rh positive (Rh+), while those who do not are Rh negative (Rh−). The presence or absence of the Rh factor is significant in pregnancy and transfusions, as Rh incompatibility can lead to serious health issues.
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Sensitization and Agglutinins
Sensitization occurs when an Rh− individual is exposed to Rh+ blood, leading their immune system to produce agglutinins (antibodies) against the Rh factor. This process is critical because, without prior exposure, Rh− individuals typically do not have these antibodies. Understanding sensitization is essential for managing blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic disease in newborns.
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