Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

25. The Urinary System

Renal Physiology Step 1: Glomerular Filtration

Anatomy & Physiology

25. The Urinary System

Renal Physiology Step 1: Glomerular Filtration

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Problem 4

Textbook Question

The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by all of the following, except
(a) Autoregulation
(b) Sympathetic neural control
(c) Cardiac output
(d) Angiotensin II
(e) The hormone ADH

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of glomerular filtration rate (GFR): GFR refers to the amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute. It is a critical measure of kidney function and is regulated by various mechanisms to ensure proper filtration and homeostasis.

Review the mechanisms that regulate GFR: These include autoregulation (intrinsic control by the kidneys), sympathetic neural control (extrinsic control by the nervous system), hormonal regulation (e.g., angiotensin II), and other factors that influence blood flow and pressure in the glomeruli.

Analyze the role of cardiac output: Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. While it indirectly affects blood pressure and kidney perfusion, it is not a direct regulator of GFR. GFR is primarily controlled by local and systemic mechanisms specific to the kidneys.

Examine the role of ADH (antidiuretic hormone): ADH primarily regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys and does not directly influence GFR. Its role is more related to fluid balance and urine concentration rather than filtration rate.

Identify the correct answer: Based on the analysis, determine which option does not directly regulate GFR. Cardiac output (option c) is the correct choice because it indirectly affects kidney function but is not a direct regulatory mechanism of GFR.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

GFR is a measure of how well the kidneys filter blood, specifically the volume of fluid that passes through the glomeruli per minute. It is a crucial indicator of kidney function and is influenced by various physiological factors, including blood pressure and blood flow to the kidneys.

Autoregulation

Autoregulation refers to the kidney's intrinsic ability to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure. This is achieved through mechanisms such as the myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback, which adjust the diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal regulation of GFR involves various hormones that can influence kidney function. For instance, Angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles to increase GFR, while Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) primarily affects water reabsorption rather than directly regulating GFR, making it less relevant in this context.

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