Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Carbohydrates

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Carbohydrates

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Problem 8

Textbook Question

Lysozyme, an enzyme found in human saliva, tears, and other secretions, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ββ-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan. Predict the effect of this enzyme on bacteria and how it may be involved in human health.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand that lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan, a major component of bacterial cell walls, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria.

Recognize that the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan by lysozyme weakens the bacterial cell wall.

Consider that a weakened cell wall makes bacteria more susceptible to osmotic pressure, potentially leading to cell lysis and death of the bacteria.

Acknowledge that lysozyme is part of the innate immune system, providing a first line of defense against bacterial infections by breaking down bacterial cell walls.

Reflect on the presence of lysozyme in human secretions like saliva and tears, which helps protect mucosal surfaces from bacterial invasion and maintains overall health.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Lysozyme Function

Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan, a key component of bacterial cell walls. By hydrolyzing the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan, lysozyme weakens the structural integrity of bacteria, leading to cell lysis and death. This function is crucial for the innate immune response, helping to protect the body from bacterial infections.

Peptidoglycan Structure

Peptidoglycan is a polymer that forms a mesh-like structure outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, providing rigidity and shape. It consists of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Understanding its structure is essential for comprehending how lysozyme targets and disrupts bacterial cells.

Role in Human Health

Lysozyme plays a significant role in human health by contributing to the first line of defense against bacterial infections. Found in various secretions like saliva and tears, it helps maintain oral and ocular health by reducing bacterial load. Its antimicrobial properties are vital for preventing infections, particularly in areas exposed to the external environment.