Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

18. The Heart

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

Anatomy & Physiology

18. The Heart

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

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2:20 minutes

Problem 23

Textbook Question

Name three different factors that increase heart rate.

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Identify the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart rate, focusing on the sympathetic nervous system's effect.

Consider the impact of physical activity or exercise on heart rate, noting how increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by muscles leads to an elevated heart rate.

Examine the influence of emotional states, such as stress or anxiety, which can activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase heart rate.

Explore the effect of certain hormones, like adrenaline (epinephrine), which are released during stress or excitement and can increase heart rate.

Discuss how environmental factors, such as temperature, can affect heart rate, with higher temperatures potentially leading to an increased heart rate to help dissipate heat.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses. When activated, it releases adrenaline, which increases heart rate to supply more oxygen and nutrients to muscles, enhancing physical performance during stress or danger.

Physical Activity

Engaging in physical activity, such as exercise or strenuous movement, requires more oxygen and energy, prompting the heart to pump faster. This increase in heart rate helps meet the heightened demand for blood flow to active muscles, facilitating improved performance and endurance.

Emotional Stress

Emotional stress, such as anxiety or excitement, can trigger an increase in heart rate. The body's response to emotional stimuli involves the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which stimulate the heart to beat faster as part of the body's overall response to perceived threats or challenges.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Cardiac muscle cells are joined by structures called:

a. T-tubules.

b. tight junctions.

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum.

d. intercalated discs.

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Textbook Question

The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the superior interventricular septum is the:

a. AV node

b. SA node

c. AV bundle

d. Subendocardial conducting network

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Textbook Question

More than one choice may apply.

Using the figure, identify the most external part of the pericardium.

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Textbook Question

Draw a diagram of the heart showing the three layers composing its wall and its four chambers. Label each. Show where the AV and semilunar valves are, and name them. Show and label all blood vessels entering and leaving the heart chambers.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The heart plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure and secretes the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide.

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Textbook Question

The ______ is the primary pacemaker of the heart.

a. Atrioventricular node

b. sinoatrial node

c. Purkinje fiber system

d. Atrioventricular bundle

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Textbook Question

The AV node delay:

a. Allows the atria and ventricles to depolarize and contract as a unit.

b. Allows the two ventricles to depolarize and contract separately.

c. Allows the atria and ventricles to depolarize and contract separately.

d. Speeds up the impulse transmission from the atria to the ventricles.

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Textbook Question

A newer drug, ivabradine, lowers the heart rate by blocking the nonselective HCN cation channels. Why would this action decrease the heart rate? Would this drug have an effect on pacemaker cells, contractile cells, or both? Explain.

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