Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

18. The Heart

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

Anatomy & Physiology

18. The Heart

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

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4:52 minutes

Problem 15

Textbook Question

More than one choice may apply.
Using the figure, identify the most external part of the pericardium.

Verified step by step guidance

Examine the figure provided in the problem. Identify the layers of the pericardium, which is the membrane surrounding the heart.

Understand the structure of the pericardium. It consists of two main layers: the fibrous pericardium (outermost layer) and the serous pericardium (inner layer, which is further divided into the parietal and visceral layers).

Focus on the fibrous pericardium, as it is the most external part of the pericardium. It is a tough, dense connective tissue layer that protects the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures like the diaphragm and sternum.

Compare the labeled parts in the figure with your knowledge of the pericardium's anatomy. Look for the label that corresponds to the fibrous pericardium.

Select the correct option(s) from the multiple-choice answers that match the fibrous pericardium based on the figure and your understanding of its location and structure.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Pericardium Structure

The pericardium is a double-walled sac that encloses the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The outer layer, known as the fibrous pericardium, provides protection and anchors the heart within the thoracic cavity, while the inner serous layer is further divided into parietal and visceral layers, facilitating heart movement.

Anatomical Orientation

Understanding anatomical orientation is crucial for identifying structures in relation to one another. In this context, recognizing terms like 'external' and 'internal' helps in determining which part of the pericardium is being referred to, as well as its position relative to surrounding structures such as the heart and lungs.

Function of the Pericardium

The pericardium serves several important functions, including protecting the heart from infections, reducing friction during heartbeats, and preventing overexpansion of the heart. Knowledge of these functions can aid in understanding why the external part of the pericardium is significant in the context of heart health and anatomy.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

The simple squamous epithelium covering the heart valves is the:

(a) Epicardium

(b) Endocardium

(d) Endothelium

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Textbook Question

Describe the three distinct layers that make up the heart wall.

Cardiac muscle cells are joined by structures called:

a. T-tubules.

b. tight junctions.

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum.

d. intercalated discs.

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Textbook Question

The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the superior interventricular septum is the:

a. AV node

b. SA node

c. AV bundle

d. Subendocardial conducting network

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Textbook Question

Draw a diagram of the heart showing the three layers composing its wall and its four chambers. Label each. Show where the AV and semilunar valves are, and name them. Show and label all blood vessels entering and leaving the heart chambers.

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Textbook Question

Name three different factors that increase heart rate.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The heart plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure and secretes the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide.

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