Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Covalent Bonds

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Covalent Bonds

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3:02 minutes

Problem 11

Textbook Question

In terms of electron sharing between atoms, compare nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ions.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Define nonpolar covalent bonds. These are bonds where electrons are shared equally between two atoms because they have similar electronegativities.

Step 2: Define polar covalent bonds. These are bonds where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to a difference in electronegativity, resulting in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.

Step 3: Define ions. Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.

Step 4: Compare nonpolar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds. In nonpolar covalent bonds, the electron distribution is equal, whereas in polar covalent bonds, the electron distribution is unequal.

Step 5: Compare covalent bonds and ions. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, while ions result from the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, leading to charged particles.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons equally due to similar electronegativities. This equal sharing results in a balanced distribution of electrical charge, meaning there is no significant dipole moment. Common examples include diatomic molecules like O2 and N2, where the atoms are identical, leading to uniform electron sharing.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds form when two atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally. The atom with higher electronegativity attracts the shared electrons more strongly, creating a partial negative charge on that atom and a partial positive charge on the other. Water (H2O) is a classic example, where the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons closer, resulting in a polar molecule.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds arise when one atom donates an electron to another, resulting in the formation of charged ions. The atom that loses an electron becomes a positively charged cation, while the atom that gains an electron becomes a negatively charged anion. The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions creates a strong bond, as seen in compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl).