Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

8. Joints

Joint Movements

Anatomy & Physiology

8. Joints

Joint Movements

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Problem 11

Textbook Question

Define each of the following movements or movement pairs.
a. Flexion and extension
b. Adduction and abduction
c. Rotation
d. Circumduction
e. Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
f. Elevation and depression

Verified step by step guidance

Flexion and extension: Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the elbow or knee. Extension is the opposite, increasing the angle between two body parts, such as straightening the elbow or knee.

Adduction and abduction: Adduction is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body, such as bringing the arms or legs closer to the center. Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the midline, such as raising the arms or legs outward.

Rotation: Rotation is the movement of a bone or body part around its longitudinal axis, such as turning the head side to side or twisting the torso.

Circumduction: Circumduction is a circular movement that combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, such as moving the arm in a circular motion at the shoulder joint.

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion: Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the foot and the shin. Plantarflexion is the opposite, where the foot moves downward, increasing the angle between the foot and the shin.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Flexion and Extension

Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. Flexion decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the elbow or knee, while extension increases that angle, returning the body part to its original position. These movements are fundamental in various physical activities and are essential for understanding joint mechanics.

Adduction and Abduction

Adduction and abduction are movements that occur in the frontal plane. Adduction refers to moving a limb or body part toward the midline of the body, while abduction involves moving it away from the midline. These movements are crucial for activities such as lateral arm raises or leg movements, and they play a significant role in maintaining balance and coordination.

Rotation

Rotation is a movement that involves turning a body part around its own axis. This can occur in various joints, such as the shoulder or hip, and can be classified as internal (medial) rotation, which turns a limb inward, or external (lateral) rotation, which turns it outward. Understanding rotation is vital for analyzing movements in sports and rehabilitation.