Two elements determine blood pressure—the cardiac output of the heart and the peripheral resistance, or friction, in the blood vessels. Name two factors that increase cardiac output. Name two factors that increase peripheral resistance.

The following measurements were made on two individuals (the values recorded remained stable for 1 hour):

Person 1: heart rate, 75 bpm; stroke volume, 60 mL

Person 2: heart rate, 90 bpm; stroke volume, 95 mL

Which person has the greater venous return?

Which person has the longer ventricular filling time?

Karen is taking the medication verapamil, a drug that blocks the calcium channels in cardiac muscle cells. What effect should this medication have on Karen's stroke volume?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of the ventricular filling phase is the end-systolic volume.

Mr. Watson has been diagnosed with mitral insufficiency, or a malfunctioning mitral valve, which causes the valve to not close properly. Predict the signs and symptoms you might expect from a disease of this valve. What would happen to the patient's stroke volume and cardiac output? Explain. What might help improve his cardiac output?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Tissue perfusion to the heart decreases during systole and increases during diastole.