Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

7. The Skeletal System

The Spine

Anatomy & Physiology

7. The Skeletal System

The Spine

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1:50 minutes

Problem 13

Textbook Question

List at least two specific anatomical characteristics each for typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae that would allow anyone to identify each type correctly.

Verified step by step guidance

Examine the cervical vertebrae: Identify the presence of transverse foramina, which are unique to cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertebral arteries. Additionally, note the bifid (split) spinous process, which is commonly found in typical cervical vertebrae (except C1 and C7).

Analyze the thoracic vertebrae: Look for the presence of costal facets on the transverse processes and the sides of the vertebral body, which articulate with the ribs. Also, observe the spinous process, which is long, slender, and points downward, a characteristic feature of thoracic vertebrae.

Inspect the lumbar vertebrae: Identify the large, kidney-shaped vertebral body, which is designed to support more weight compared to cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Additionally, note the short, thick spinous process that projects straight backward, a distinguishing feature of lumbar vertebrae.

Compare the vertebral foramen: Cervical vertebrae have a triangular vertebral foramen, thoracic vertebrae have a circular vertebral foramen, and lumbar vertebrae have a triangular vertebral foramen but larger than cervical vertebrae.

Assess the overall size and robustness: Cervical vertebrae are smaller and more delicate, thoracic vertebrae are intermediate in size and have rib articulation points, while lumbar vertebrae are the largest and most robust to support the weight of the upper body.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Cervical Vertebrae Characteristics

Cervical vertebrae are characterized by their small size and the presence of transverse foramina, which allow for the passage of vertebral arteries. Additionally, the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae are typically bifid (split), which is a distinctive feature that helps differentiate them from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics

Thoracic vertebrae are identified by their larger size compared to cervical vertebrae and the presence of costal facets, which articulate with the ribs. They also have long, downward-sloping spinous processes that are more pronounced than those found in cervical and lumbar vertebrae, aiding in their identification.

Lumbar Vertebrae Characteristics

Lumbar vertebrae are the largest of the three types, designed to bear more weight. They are characterized by their thick, robust bodies and short, blunt spinous processes that project horizontally. These features distinguish lumbar vertebrae from both cervical and thoracic vertebrae, making them easier to identify.

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