Textbook Question
Define and give an example of:
(c) A metabolic acid.
Which represents the greatest threat to acid-base balance? Why?
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26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance
Acid-Base Balance
Problem 22
Textbook Question
Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic disorders that disturb acid-base balance.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of acid-base balance: The body maintains a stable pH (around 7.35-7.45) through buffering systems, respiratory regulation (via CO2), and metabolic regulation (via bicarbonate, HCO3-). Disturbances in this balance can lead to acidosis (low pH) or alkalosis (high pH).
Identify respiratory disorders: Respiratory disorders affect acid-base balance through changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. For example, hypoventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis (increased CO2), while hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis (decreased CO2).
Identify metabolic disorders: Metabolic disorders affect acid-base balance through changes in bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels. For instance, a loss of bicarbonate (e.g., through diarrhea) or an increase in acid production (e.g., in diabetic ketoacidosis) can cause metabolic acidosis. Conversely, excessive bicarbonate (e.g., from antacid overuse) can lead to metabolic alkalosis.
Differentiate between the two: Respiratory disorders are primarily related to changes in CO2 levels regulated by the lungs, while metabolic disorders are related to changes in HCO3- levels regulated by the kidneys. Blood gas analysis can help distinguish between the two by measuring pH, CO2, and HCO3- levels.
Apply compensatory mechanisms: The body attempts to compensate for these disturbances. For example, in respiratory acidosis, the kidneys may retain bicarbonate to buffer the excess CO2. In metabolic acidosis, the lungs may increase ventilation to expel CO2. Understanding these compensatory mechanisms helps in identifying the primary disorder.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Acid-Base Balance
Acid-base balance refers to the mechanisms the body uses to maintain the pH level of blood and other fluids within a narrow range, typically around 7.35 to 7.45. This balance is crucial for normal cellular functions and is regulated by the respiratory system, which controls carbon dioxide levels, and the renal system, which manages bicarbonate and hydrogen ion concentrations.
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Respiratory Disorders
Respiratory disorders affect the lungs and the ability to exchange gases, leading to alterations in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma can cause respiratory acidosis or alkalosis, depending on whether there is an accumulation or deficiency of carbon dioxide, thus impacting the acid-base balance.
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Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic disorders involve the body's biochemical processes, affecting the production or elimination of acids and bases. Conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or renal failure can lead to metabolic acidosis, where there is an excess of acid in the body, or metabolic alkalosis, where there is an excess of bicarbonate, disrupting the acid-base equilibrium.
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