Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
d.Interleukin-1 is a cytokine that prevents viral replication in infected cells.
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21. The Immune System
First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers
3:28 minutesProblem 6
Textbook Question
More than one choice may apply.
Which of the following are among the most common indicators of inflammation?
a. Phagocytosis
b. Edema
c. Leukocytosis
d. Pain
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Begin by understanding the concept of inflammation. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, characterized by a series of physiological changes aimed at protecting and healing the affected tissue.
Step 2: Review the common indicators of inflammation. These typically include redness, heat, swelling (edema), pain, and loss of function. These signs are collectively known as the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Step 3: Evaluate each option provided in the question:
- Phagocytosis: This is the process by which certain immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens or debris. While it is part of the immune response, it is not a direct indicator of inflammation.
- Edema: This refers to swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in tissues, which is a hallmark of inflammation.
- Leukocytosis: This is an increase in white blood cell count, often seen during inflammation as the body mobilizes immune cells to the affected area.
- Pain: Pain is a common indicator of inflammation, resulting from the release of chemicals like prostaglandins and bradykinin that stimulate nerve endings.
Step 4: Identify the options that align with the cardinal signs of inflammation. Based on the explanation above, edema and pain are direct indicators of inflammation, while leukocytosis is an associated response.
Step 5: Conclude that the correct choices are those that match the physiological changes observed during inflammation. Ensure you understand why each option is or is not included as an indicator.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is a cellular process where certain immune cells, known as phagocytes, engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and debris. This process is crucial during inflammation as it helps to clear out harmful agents and initiate tissue repair. While phagocytosis is an important immune response, it is not typically listed as a direct indicator of inflammation.
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Edema
Edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling. It is a hallmark of inflammation, resulting from increased vascular permeability and blood flow to the affected area. This fluid buildup helps deliver immune cells and nutrients necessary for healing, making edema a key indicator of inflammatory response.
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Leukocytosis
Leukocytosis is the increase in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the bloodstream, often in response to infection or inflammation. This elevation indicates that the body is mobilizing its immune defenses to combat pathogens. As a common indicator of inflammation, leukocytosis reflects the body's effort to manage and resolve inflammatory processes.
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