Question 1

Which of the following best explains why arteries have thicker walls than veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries must withstand higher blood pressures generated by the heart, requiring more smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

Question 2

A patient experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which mechanism is most likely to immediately compensate for this change?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the baroreceptor reflex, increasing sympathetic nervous system activity.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood flow ($$F$$), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and peripheral resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \dfrac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 4

Which of the following changes would most effectively increase blood flow to a tissue, assuming all other factors remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Doubling the vessel radius

Question 5

A patient with liver failure has reduced plasma protein production. What is the most likely effect on capillary fluid exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure, leading to increased fluid loss into tissues (edema).

Question 6

Which type of capillary is most likely to be found in the liver, and why?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries, because their large gaps allow passage of proteins and cells.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the main function of erythropoietin?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Question 8

A person with blood type A- receives a transfusion of AB+ blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A transfusion reaction due to anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies attacking donor cells.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why blood type O- is considered the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

O- erythrocytes lack A, B, and Rh antigens, so they are not recognized as foreign by any recipient's antibodies.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Fibrin clot formation

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents net filtration pressure ($$NFP) $$across a capillary wall?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_c - HP_i) - (COP_c - COP_i)$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways?

Accepted Answer

The intrinsic pathway is activated by contact with exposed collagen, while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor from damaged tissue.

Question 13

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Albumin, produced in the liver

Question 14

A patient with a mutation causing nonfunctional baroreceptors would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Inability to rapidly adjust blood pressure in response to posture changes

Question 15

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of megakaryocytes?

Accepted Answer

They fragment to form platelets, which are essential for clotting.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the development of anti-Rh antibodies is correct?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Rh antibodies are produced only after exposure to Rh-positive blood.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why blood velocity decreases as blood flows from arteries to capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The total cross-sectional area increases, reducing velocity according to the equation $$v = \dfrac{Q}{A}.$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of plasma globulins?

Accepted Answer

Transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, and immune defense as antibodies

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