Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of a hormone in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Hormones serve as chemical messengers that regulate physiological processes by binding to specific receptors.

Question 2

A patient with pernicious anemia is found to have a deficiency in vitamin B12. What is the primary consequence of this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Reduced DNA synthesis in erythrocyte precursors causing macrocytic anemia.

Question 3

Which blood component is the primary contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A drop of blood enters the right atrium. Which is the correct sequence for its passage through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 5

Which formula correctly represents blood flow ($$F) in $$relation to pressure difference ($$\Delta P) $$and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why protease enzymes are secreted in an inactive form in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

To prevent the enzymes from digesting the stomach lining before food arrives.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most powerful stimulant for breathing under normal physiological conditions?

Accepted Answer

High blood carbon dioxide levels

Question 8

A patient presents with proteinuria (protein in the urine). What does this most likely indicate about kidney function?

Accepted Answer

The glomerular filtration barrier is damaged, allowing proteins to pass into the urine.

Question 9

Which ion is most closely associated with water balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 10

Which buffer system is most important for maintaining blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 11

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the MAC (membrane attack complex) in immunity?

Accepted Answer

It forms pores in the pathogen's membrane, leading to cell lysis.

Question 13

Which type of inheritance determines the ABO blood groups?

Accepted Answer

Codominance

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the genotype of a human male?

Accepted Answer

XY

Question 15

Which hormone is released during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of bile salts in digestion?

Accepted Answer

They emulsify fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.

Question 17

Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 18

A patient has a mutation in the X chromosome. Why are X-linked mutations more likely to be expressed in males?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so mutations are not masked by another allele.

Question 19

Which parent is mitochondrial DNA inherited from?

Accepted Answer

Mother

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between a gene and an allele?

Accepted Answer

A gene is a specific DNA sequence, while an allele is a variant form of that gene.

Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Review: Step-by-Step Study Guidance

Study Guide - Practice Questions