Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which steroid hormones, such as estrogen, exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cytoplasmic receptors and directly regulate gene transcription in the nucleus.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including weight loss, increased heart rate, and exophthalmos. Laboratory tests reveal elevated thyroid hormone levels and the presence of autoantibodies. Which endocrine pathology is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Graves’ Disease

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is classified as a tropic hormone and stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 4

A cell exposed to a water-soluble hormone will most likely respond by:

Accepted Answer

Activating a second messenger system such as cyclic AMP ($$cAMP)$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes negative feedback inhibition in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

A hormone inhibits the release of another hormone to maintain homeostasis.

Question 6

A patient with a pituitary tumor has elevated ACTH but low cortisol levels. This is most consistent with which type of endocrine disease?

Accepted Answer

Secondary disease

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly calculates stroke volume ($$SV) $$given end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) $$and end-systolic volume ($$ESV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 8

Which blood cell type is most abundant in a normal differential count and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 9

A patient with sickle-cell anemia has abnormal hemoglobin. Which of the following best describes the cause of this disease?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in the gene encoding the beta chain of hemoglobin

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$given systolic ($$SBP) $$and diastolic ($$DBP) $$blood pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP)$$

Question 11

During exercise, which of the following changes occurs in the arterioles of skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation to increase blood flow

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the thymus gland?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of T cell maturation and immune development.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?

Accepted Answer

It increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by acting on collecting ducts.

Question 15

Which of the following is the universal donor blood type, and what complication can arise if a person receives the wrong blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type O-; transfusion reaction due to agglutination

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the SA node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It initiates the electrical impulse that sets the pace for the heart.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lymphatic system that distinguishes it from the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

It returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and filters pathogens.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T cells when bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein?

Accepted Answer

They secrete interleukins to activate other immune cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output ($$CO) $$given heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They initiate clot formation by releasing chemicals and forming a plug.

Anatomy & Physiology II (BIO 202) Midterm Review – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

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