Q: Which equation best represents the ATP yield from aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + 36\text{ATP}$$

Q: Which equation represents the activity of the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump during restoration of ionic balance after an action potential?

$$3\text{Na}^+ \text{out} / 2\text{K}^+ \text{in}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes the structural and functional differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated; cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and has intercalated discs; smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, and has one nucleus.

Question 2

During muscle contraction, which event occurs immediately after acetylcholine (ACh) binds to its receptors on the motor end plate?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+$$ channels open, allowing Na$$^+$$ influx to initiate an action potential on the sarcolemma.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the ATP yield from aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 36	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness after prolonged exercise. Which factor is LEAST likely to contribute to this fatigue?

Accepted Answer

Increased motor unit recruitment

Question 5

Which statement about the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle is correct?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads act as ATPases, hydrolyzing ATP to energize for binding to actin.

Question 6

Which type of skeletal muscle fiber is best suited for endurance activities such as marathon running, and why?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers, because they are fatigue-resistant and use aerobic metabolism.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the diaphragm?

Accepted Answer

Normal breathing in and out

Question 8

A muscle with fibers that converge on both sides of a central tendon, giving it a feathered appearance, is classified as which type of fascicle arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Bipennate

Question 9

In a third-class lever system, which arrangement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Effort is between the fulcrum and the load

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle and acts as an EPSP?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 11

Which glial cell is responsible for producing myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 12

During an action potential, what is the sequence of ion movement across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+$$ enters the cell during depolarization, K$$^+$$ exits during repolarization

Question 13

Which equation represents the activity of the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump during restoration of ionic balance after an action potential?

Accepted Answer

$$3	ext{Na}^+ 	ext{out} / 2	ext{K}^+ 	ext{in}$$

Question 14

A neuron receives multiple EPSPs in rapid succession. What is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The membrane depolarizes and may reach threshold, resulting in an action potential.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials are short-lived, occur on dendrites or cell bodies, and open ligand-gated channels.

Question 16

Which muscle is the prime mover of arm abduction?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease and is associated with reward and pleasure?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 18

Which of the following best describes saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials leap from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier along myelinated axons.

Question 19

Which muscle group is responsible for extending the knee and flexing the thigh at the hip?

Accepted Answer

Quadriceps

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Muscle Tissue, Muscular System, and Fundamentals of the Nervous System (Chapters 9-11)

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