Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, and physiology is the study of how those parts function together.

Question 2

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes this condition, and what role do buffers play in correcting it?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing acidosis; buffers will help resist further changes in pH by accepting excess H$$^+$$ ions.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to lose volume and shrink.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the four stages of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 5

A patient with a genetic mutation cannot produce collagen fibers. Which tissue type would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone replaces a hyaline cartilage model during fetal development.

Question 7

A patient suffers a fracture in the diaphysis of their femur. Which type of bone and region is affected?

Accepted Answer

Long bone; diaphysis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions (Ca$$^{2+}) in $$skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Ca$$^{2+}$$ binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose binding sites on actin.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$C_{12}H$$_{22}$$O_{11} + H$$_{2}$$O \rightarrow 2C_{6}H$$_{12}$$O_{6}$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between saltatory and continuous conduction in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory conduction involves action potentials jumping between nodes of Ranvier, increasing conduction velocity.

Question 11

A patient is unable to sweat in response to heat. Which gland type is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine glands

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3Na^+$$ out and $$2K^+$$ into the cell, maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a connective tissue fiber and its function?

Accepted Answer

Reticular fibers – form supportive networks in soft tissues

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Coordinates voluntary muscle movements and maintains balance

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic division increases heart rate and dilates pupils, while the parasympathetic division decreases heart rate and promotes digestion.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct order of the five components of a reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of DNA in cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA stores genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.

BIOL 2113 Final Exam Review – Guided Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards