Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone matrix, facilitating bone resorption.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. Which type of fracture is this, and what is a common cause?

Accepted Answer

Comminuted fracture; often caused by high-impact trauma such as car accidents.

Question 3

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is its source?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); parathyroid glands

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, what is the primary function of the perichondrium?

Accepted Answer

It supplies nutrients to the cartilage model and eventually forms the periosteum.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why long bones are hollow in the center (medullary cavity)?

Accepted Answer

To reduce bone weight while maintaining strength, and to store yellow bone marrow.

Question 6

A 12-year-old child suffers a fracture that disrupts the epiphyseal plate. What is the most likely long-term consequence if not properly treated?

Accepted Answer

Impaired longitudinal bone growth, potentially resulting in limb length discrepancy.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the bone cell with its function?

Accepted Answer

Osteocyte: maintains bone matrix

Question 8

Which component of the bone matrix provides resistance to compression, and what is its primary chemical composition?

Accepted Answer

Inorganic matrix; hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate crystals)

Question 9

A patient with a vitamin D deficiency is likely to have impaired bone mineralization. Which process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Bone deposition by osteoblasts

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of appositional growth in bones?

Accepted Answer

Bones increase in diameter by adding new bone tissue to the surface.

Question 11

Which structure allows blood vessels and nerves to travel from the periosteum into the compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Perforating canal

Question 12

A patient with a spiral fracture likely sustained the injury through which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Twisting force applied to the bone

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system that directly contributes to acid-base homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Release and absorption of alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate

Question 14

Which sequence correctly describes the zones of the epiphyseal plate during longitudinal bone growth, from epiphysis to diaphysis?

Accepted Answer

Zone of reserve cartilage → zone of proliferation → zone of hypertrophy and maturation → zone of calcification → zone of ossification

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why estrogen deficiency after menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen inhibits osteoclast activity, so its absence increases bone resorption.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2}$$

Question 17

Which bone structure is unique to flat bones such as those in the skull and contains spongy bone between two layers of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Diploë

Question 18

During fracture repair, what is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma → soft callus → bone callus (primary bone) → secondary bone

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification forms long bones from a cartilage model.

Question 20

A patient with a tumor in the parathyroid glands is producing excess parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood calcium levels due to increased bone resorption

Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Growth

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