Q: Which equation correctly represents cardiac output, and what does each variable stand for?

$$CO = HR \times SV$$, where $$CO is $$cardiac output, $$HR is $$heart rate, and $$SV is $$stroke volume.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium in the heart wall?

Accepted Answer

It is a protective sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction during heartbeats.

Question 2

A 75-year-old patient presents with increased systolic blood pressure and a history of hypertension. Which age-related change most likely contributes to this finding?

Accepted Answer

Thickening and stiffening of large arteries (arteriosclerosis)

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output, and what does each variable stand for?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$, where $$CO is $$cardiac output, $$HR is $$heart rate, and $$SV is $$stroke volume.

Question 4

According to the Frank-Starling law, what is the relationship between preload and stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

As preload increases, stroke volume increases due to stronger cardiac contraction.

Question 5

Which of the following is a contraindication for the application of anti-embolic stockings?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral arterial disease

Question 6

A nurse is assessing the apical pulse. Where should the stethoscope be placed?

Accepted Answer

At the 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why older adults are at increased risk for dysrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Increased incidence of bundle branch block and ectopic beats

Question 8

A patient with congestive cardiac failure is at higher risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema due to impaired cardiac output

Question 9

Which of the following is a key subjective assessment finding that may indicate cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Cyanosis or pallor

Question 10

A 1-year-old child is found to have a left ventricular mass that has reached the adult ratio of 2:1. What is the clinical significance of this finding?

Accepted Answer

It is a normal developmental milestone in infants.

Question 11

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is most likely to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Increasing physical activity

Question 12

A patient with a blood pressure of $$150/95$$ mmHg is classified as having which condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 13

During a cardiovascular assessment, why is it important to palpate only one carotid artery at a time?

Accepted Answer

To prevent compromising arterial blood flow to the brain

Question 14

Which of the following best describes afterload?

Accepted Answer

The pressure the ventricle must overcome to open the aortic valve

Question 15

A patient with a history of diabetes is at increased risk for which cardiovascular condition?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral arterial disease

Question 16

Which of the following is a common finding in the cardiovascular assessment of older adults but is usually asymptomatic?

Accepted Answer

Ectopic beats

Question 17

A nurse is preparing to assess the jugular veins and precordium of a patient. What is the correct patient position for this assessment?

Accepted Answer

Supine with the head and chest slightly elevated

Question 18

Which of the following is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease that can be modified through health promotion?

Accepted Answer

Sedentary lifestyle

Question 19

A patient is prescribed anti-embolic stockings following surgery. What is the primary purpose of these stockings?

Accepted Answer

To prevent venous stasis and reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why heart murmurs are common in childhood?

Accepted Answer

They are often innocent and related to normal changes in blood flow during growth.

Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Disorders

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