Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining electrochemical gradients using ATP: $$3\ 	ext{Na}^+ 	ext{out} / 2\ 	ext{K}^+ 	ext{in}$$ per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 2

A cell placed in a hypertonic extracellular solution will:

Accepted Answer

Lose water and shrink as water moves out to the higher solute concentration.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion, specifically the inner mitochondrial membrane and cristae

Question 4

During protein synthesis, which process involves the conversion of DNA sequence into mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription, where the DNA template is used to synthesize mRNA

Question 5

A cell is observed to engulf a bacterium by wrapping its plasma membrane around it and forming a vesicle. Which process is this?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis, a type of endocytosis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described by the fluid mosaic model?

Accepted Answer

It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that move laterally, creating a dynamic and flexible environment.

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses carrier or channel proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Question 8

A cell with a high number of bound ribosomes is likely specialized for:

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for secretion or membrane insertion

Question 9

Which cytoskeletal structure is most important for the movement of cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules, which provide structural support and enable movement

Question 10

If a cell is in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, which of the following is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is not preparing for division and is in a quiescent state.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of aquaporins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate rapid passive movement of water molecules across the membrane during osmosis.

Question 12

A cell is exposed to a hypotonic extracellular solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cell cycle phases?

Accepted Answer

G1 Phase → S Phase → G2 Phase → M Phase

Question 14

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of glucose to produce energy, and what type of reaction is it?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reaction; breakdown of glucose

Question 15

Which structure allows selective permeability in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 16

During mitosis, what is the function of the centromere?

Accepted Answer

It holds sister chromatids together and attaches to spindle fibers.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-glucose symporter, where glucose is transported into the cell using the sodium gradient established by primary active transport

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 19

A cell is actively transporting calcium ions out of the cytosol into the extracellular space. Which process is involved?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport using a calcium pump and ATP: $$	ext{Ca}^{2+} 	ext{out} ightarrow 	ext{ATP hydrolysis}$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between substrate and enzyme?

Accepted Answer

The substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex, which lowers activation energy and produces a product.

Cell Biology: Structure, Function, and Processes

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