Q: Which equation represents the sodium-potassium pump’s ATP hydrolysis reaction?

$$ \text{ATP} \rightarrow \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It is a thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins, acting as a selectively permeable barrier.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins, and what is its structural composition?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes; composed of two subunits made mostly of ribosomal RNA.

Question 3

A cell is placed in a solution where the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside. Which process will occur, and what is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 4

Which equation best represents the relationship between concentration gradient and rate of diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$ J = -D \frac{dC}{dx} $$

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and processing proteins for export out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 6

A patient with cystic fibrosis has abnormally thick secretions in the airways. Which cellular transport process is defective in this disease?

Accepted Answer

Failed chloride ion (Cl−) transport across the plasma membrane

Question 7

Which of the following is a major difference between passive and active transport processes?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy, while active transport moves substances up a concentration gradient and requires ATP.

Question 8

Which cellular extension increases the absorptive surface area of a cell?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli

Question 9

During mitosis, at which stage do chromosomes align across the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 10

Which process involves the engulfment of bacteria by a cell, requiring energy?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 11

What is the primary function of the mitochondria in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Energy-releasing chemical reactions

Question 12

Which equation represents the sodium-potassium pump’s ATP hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{ATP} ightarrow 	ext{ADP} + 	ext{P}_i $$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA), which duplicates a particular gene sequence.

Question 14

A cell is exposed to radiation that damages its DNA. Which outcome is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal protein synthesis leading to disease

Question 15

Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the breaking apart of centromeres and the movement of chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 16

Which term describes the increase in cell reproduction, resulting in the enlargement of tissue?

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world example of filtration in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Formation of urine in the kidneys

Question 18

Which equation best represents the process of osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Net movement of water} = 	ext{Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration} $$

Question 19

Which cellular structure contains the genetic code and controls cell function?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Question 20

Which process is used by cells to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances, and how does it differ from phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis; it incorporates fluids, while phagocytosis engulfs solid particles like bacteria.

Cells: Structure, Function, and Transport Mechanisms

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