Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a solution, a colloid, and a suspension in the human body?

Accepted Answer

A solution contains tiny solute particles that do not settle or scatter light, a colloid contains larger particles that scatter light but do not settle, and a suspension contains very large particles that settle out and may scatter light.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the atomic structure of elements is correct?

Accepted Answer

Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons orbit around the nucleus in regions called electron shells.

Question 3

A patient is given an intravenous solution containing 0.9% NaCl. Which type of mixture is this, and why?

Accepted Answer

It is a solution because the salt is completely dissolved in water and does not settle out.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why water is an effective solvent in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Water is a polar molecule, allowing it to dissolve and dissociate ionic substances and form hydration layers around charged molecules.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding the octet rule and chemical reactivity?

Accepted Answer

Atoms with incomplete valence shells tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability with 8 electrons in their valence shell.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 7

A molecule of water (H$$_2O) is $$described as a polar molecule. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

The oxygen atom is more electronegative, creating a partial negative charge on oxygen and a partial positive charge on hydrogen.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a synthesis (anabolic) reaction in the body?

Accepted Answer

The joining of amino acids to form a protein molecule.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is correct?

Accepted Answer

Acids release H$$^+$$ ions in solution, while bases accept H$$^+$$ ions or release OH$$^-$$ ions.

Question 10

A patient’s blood pH drops to 6.8. Which of the following best describes the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

The patient is at risk for poor outcomes, as enzymes function within a narrow pH range and survival is unlikely below pH 6.85.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have only single bonds, allowing molecules to pack closely together, while unsaturated fats have double bonds that create kinks and prevent tight packing.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure and function of proteins?

Accepted Answer

The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by interactions between secondary structures, resulting in a three-dimensional shape.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction, increasing the speed of the reaction.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a buffer system in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system, which can release H$$^+ if pH $$rises or bind H$$^+ if pH $$falls.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains thymine, while RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds, which can be transferred to other molecules to do cellular work.

Question 17

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell disease, which is caused by a single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin. Which level of protein structure is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the formation of a peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another, releasing a molecule of water.

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive – Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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