Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between elastic arteries and muscular arteries?

Accepted Answer

Elastic arteries have a higher proportion of elastic fibers in the tunica media, allowing them to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the lower limbs and visible, twisted superficial veins. Which vascular disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Varicose veins

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood flow ($$F$$), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 4

Given the following values at the arterial end of a capillary: $$HP_c = 35$$ mmHg, $$HP_{if} = 2$$ mmHg, $$OP_c = 25$$ mmHg, $$OP_{if} = 1$$ mmHg, calculate the net filtration pressure ($$NFP).$$

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (35 + 2) - (25 + 1) = 11$$ mmHg

Question 5

Which of the following changes would most significantly decrease vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing blood vessel length

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with secondary hypertension. Which of the following is most likely a cause?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease affecting fluid balance

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why blood flow velocity is lowest in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The total cross-sectional area of capillaries is greatest, causing velocity to decrease.

Question 8

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for long-term regulation of mean arterial pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renal control of blood volume

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of anaphylactic shock?

Accepted Answer

It results from widespread vasodilation due to an allergic reaction.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and providing immune defense

Question 11

Which lymphoid organ is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes and is most active during childhood?

Accepted Answer

Thymus gland

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a non-specific resistance mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis by neutrophils

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the complement system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

It directly attacks and destroys pathogens by forming membrane attack complexes.

Question 14

A patient with a blocked thoracic duct would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Edema in the lower limbs and abdomen

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of autoregulation in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Local tissues adjust their own blood flow in response to metabolic needs.

Question 16

Which of the following is a primary function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Filtering lymph and activating immune responses

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why edema occurs in patients with right-sided heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure causes more fluid to leave the capillaries and accumulate in tissues.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the movement of fluids across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the capillary, while osmotic pressure pulls fluid in.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between non-specific resistance and immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immunity involves memory and specificity, while non-specific resistance provides immediate, general protection.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct calculation for mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$given a systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 80 + (1/3 	imes (120 - 80)) = 93.3$$ mmHg

Circulatory System, Lymphatic System, and Immunity: Study Guide

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