Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

The process by which complement proteins and antibodies coat a pathogen, enhancing its recognition and ingestion by phagocytes.

Question 2

A patient receives an injection of immunoglobulins after exposure to hepatitis A. This is an example of which type of immunity?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood and removal of old erythrocytes

Question 4

Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for the secondary immune response and is the most abundant in serum?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 5

A person with a genetic deficiency in the complement system would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of bacterial infections due to impaired lysis of pathogens

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why organ rejection occurs after transplantation?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's immune system recognizes donor antigens as foreign due to differences in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of airflow from the nose to the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions move out, maintaining electrical neutrality during carbon dioxide transport.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the reversible reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 10

A patient with severe emphysema is likely to have which of the following changes in lung volumes?

Accepted Answer

Increased residual volume and decreased vital capacity

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the primary and secondary immune responses is correct?

Accepted Answer

The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies due to the presence of memory cells.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of lymph and activation of immune responses

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased carbon dioxide ($$\mathrm{CO_2$}) $$concentration on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Accepted Answer

It decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.

Question 15

Which of the following cells are primarily responsible for antigen presentation to helper T-cells?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the thymus and is essential for T-cell maturation?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the phrenic nerve in respiration?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why vaccines are effective in preventing infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the production of memory cells that mount a rapid response upon future exposure to the pathogen.

Question 19

Which of the following is a major difference between lymphatic vessels and veins?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls and more valves than veins.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T-cells (CD4+ cells) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They secrete cytokines that activate B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

Comprehensive Study Guidance: Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems (ANP)

Study Guide - Practice Questions