Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the citric acid (TCA) cycle in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes such as NAD and FAD

Question 2

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is found to have a 'fruity' odor on their breath and is experiencing rapid, deep breathing. Which metabolic process is most likely responsible for these findings?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis due to excessive lipid catabolism and ketone body formation

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 36\ \mathrm{ATP} + 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O}$$

Question 4

During the postabsorptive state, which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why neural tissue is especially vulnerable during prolonged starvation?

Accepted Answer

Neural tissue cannot use fatty acids for ATP production and relies primarily on glucose

Question 6

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for ATP production?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis

Question 7

A child is diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU). Which metabolic defect is present in this disorder?

Accepted Answer

Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine due to a missing enzyme

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the electron transport system (ETS) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ETS uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor to form water

Question 9

Which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for removing excess cholesterol from body cells and transporting it to the liver for elimination?

Accepted Answer

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 10

A person is exposed to high environmental temperatures and humidity. Which mechanism is the main defense against overheating, and why might it fail in these conditions?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation; high humidity reduces the rate of evaporation

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the fate of amino acids during prolonged fasting or starvation?

Accepted Answer

They are converted to glucose in the liver via gluconeogenesis

Question 12

Which hormone is released by adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification by bile salts → formation of micelles → absorption into epithelial cells → packaging into chylomicrons → release into lymph

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between the absorptive and postabsorptive states?

Accepted Answer

The absorptive state is dominated by insulin and anabolic processes, while the postabsorptive state is dominated by glucagon and catabolic processes

Question 15

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids or glycerol?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 16

A patient presents with edema, an enlarged liver, and normal caloric intake but low protein intake. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Kwashiorkor

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for heat loss when a person sits on a cold metal bench?

Accepted Answer

Conduction

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why only about 40% of the energy released by catabolism is captured as ATP?

Accepted Answer

The remaining energy is lost as heat to warm surrounding tissues

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Accepted Answer

The rate at which the quiet, resting, fasting body breaks down nutrients to liberate energy

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP in the cytosol

Metabolism and Energetics: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology II (Chapter 23)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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