Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and nervous system communication?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system uses hormones that travel through the bloodstream for slower, longer-lasting effects, while the nervous system uses neurotransmitters for rapid, short-lived effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and dehydration. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 4

Which of the following is a peptide hormone released by pancreatic beta cells in response to high blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 5

A patient with a thyroid tumor is producing excessive calcitonin. Which of the following would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood calcium levels due to increased excretion by the kidneys

Question 6

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and stimulates osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene transcription.

Question 8

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'alarm phase' of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; initiates fight-or-flight responses

Question 9

A patient with a pituitary tumor has elevated ACTH but low cortisol levels. Which gland is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex

Question 10

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what is one of its main functions?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone must be present for epinephrine to have its full effect on lipid metabolism

Question 12

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to high blood volume and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); decreases blood pressure

Question 13

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 14

A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Normal insulin levels but defective insulin receptors

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of glucocorticoids during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

Accepted Answer

They mobilize lipids and amino acids for energy and conserve glucose for nervous tissue.

Question 16

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 17

Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and is essential for the regulation of the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of leptin produced by adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Provides feedback control of appetite and is necessary for normal GnRH synthesis

Question 19

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production in females?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

The cell becomes more sensitive to the hormone due to an increase in receptor number.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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