Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes in humans?

Accepted Answer

Autosomes are chromosomes 1-22 and are present in both sexes, while sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine genetic sex.

Question 2

During fetal development, which gene is responsible for initiating the differentiation of the bipotential gonad into a testis?

Accepted Answer

SRY gene

Question 3

Which duct system develops into the male internal genitalia under the influence of testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Wolffian duct

Question 4

A mutation in the 5α-reductase enzyme in an XY individual would most likely result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Development of ambiguous or female-like external genitalia

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why normal spermatogenesis in humans requires the testes to descend into the scrotal sac?

Accepted Answer

The scrotal sac provides a lower temperature (2-3°C below body temperature) optimal for spermatogenesis.

Question 6

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regression of the Müllerian ducts during male fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)

Question 7

Which of the following accurately describes the timing of meiosis in female gametogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis begins in fetal life, arrests in meiosis I, resumes at ovulation, and completes only if fertilization occurs.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in males?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone exerts negative feedback on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Question 9

A patient presents with ambiguous genitalia and is found to have an XY karyotype. Which of the following is the most likely cause if androgen receptor function is absent?

Accepted Answer

Development of female external genitalia despite the presence of testes

Question 10

Which of the following events is triggered by the LH surge during the female menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Ovulation and completion of meiosis I in the oocyte

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the endometrial lining during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in male development?

Accepted Answer

DHT is required for the differentiation of male external genitalia and accessory sex glands.

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct product of the aromatization of testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Estradiol

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why females are born with all the oocytes they will ever have?

Accepted Answer

Oogonia complete mitosis and enter meiosis during fetal life, then arrest in meiosis I.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the positive feedback loop involved in parturition (labor)?

Accepted Answer

Cervical stretch stimulates oxytocin release, which increases uterine contractions, further stretching the cervix.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events from fertilization to implantation?

Accepted Answer

Fertilization → zygote → blastocyst formation → implantation

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of Sertoli cells in the testes?

Accepted Answer

Support and nourishment of developing sperm cells

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the fate of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

Accepted Answer

It forms the embryo proper.

Question 19

Which of the following hormones is responsible for triggering the 'LH surge' that leads to ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Sustained high levels of estradiol

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces diploid somatic cells, while meiosis produces haploid gametes.

Unit 8: Reproduction – Sex Determination, Gametogenesis, and Reproductive Physiology

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