Question 1

Which of the following structures is considered the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Question 2

A patient has a blockage in the afferent arteriole of the nephron. What immediate effect would this have on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR would decrease due to reduced blood flow into the glomerulus.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the process of tubular reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood

Question 4

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is primarily involved in which of the following regulatory mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Tubuloglomerular feedback to control GFR

Question 5

Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure and acts to increase blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 6

A patient is given a drug that inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending limb of the nephron loop (Loop of Henle). What is the most likely effect on urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

Urine will become more dilute due to decreased sodium reabsorption.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) at the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_g - (OP_g + HP_c)$$

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT typically filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells

Question 9

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released in response to increased blood pressure. What is its effect on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increases GFR by dilating afferent arterioles and constricting efferent arterioles

Question 10

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

Collecting duct

Question 11

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has glucose in their urine. Which part of the nephron is unable to reabsorb all the filtered glucose in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the detrusor muscle?

Accepted Answer

Contracts to expel urine from the bladder

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the renal blood supply is correct?

Accepted Answer

The renal artery branches into afferent arterioles, which supply the glomerulus.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the outside of the body?

Accepted Answer

Renal corpuscle → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why proteins and blood cells are not normally found in the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

They are too large to pass through the filtration membrane.

Question 16

A patient is experiencing high blood pressure. Which intrinsic mechanism will the kidney use to bring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) back to normal?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of water, ions, and organic substances

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on the kidneys during a fight-or-flight response?

Accepted Answer

SNS decreases GFR by constricting afferent arterioles and stimulates renin release.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the collecting duct is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is not part of the nephron and is involved in reabsorption and secretion of water and ions.

Urinary System: Structure and Function Study Guide

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