Textbook Question
Which of the effects listed in response to question 9 would be reversed by parasympathetic activity?
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Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units21
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric20
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System11
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue19
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity32
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System19
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System23
- Ch. 17 Blood25
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart24
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues14
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 14, Problem 10
A reflex that causes reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the
a. Crossed-extensor
b. Flexor
c. Tendon
d. Muscle stretch
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of reflexes: Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli. They involve sensory input, integration in the central nervous system, and motor output to muscles.
Learn about reciprocal activation: Reciprocal activation refers to the process where the contraction of one muscle group leads to the relaxation of its antagonist muscle group. This ensures smooth and coordinated movement.
Review the types of reflexes mentioned: a) Crossed-extensor reflex involves the opposite limb compensating for the movement of the stimulated limb. b) Flexor reflex is a withdrawal reflex in response to painful stimuli. c) Tendon reflex monitors tension in a muscle and prevents excessive force. d) Muscle stretch reflex responds to muscle length changes to maintain posture.
Focus on the tendon reflex: The tendon reflex specifically involves reciprocal activation. When tension in a muscle becomes too high, the reflex inhibits the contracting muscle and activates the antagonist muscle to prevent damage.
Conclude that the reflex causing reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the tendon reflex, based on its mechanism of action and function.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Reciprocal Inhibition
Reciprocal inhibition is a physiological process where the activation of one muscle (the agonist) leads to the simultaneous relaxation of its antagonist muscle. This mechanism is crucial for coordinated movement, allowing for smooth transitions between muscle contractions and relaxations. For example, when you flex your arm, the biceps contract while the triceps relax.
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Reflex Arcs
Reflex arcs are neural pathways that mediate reflex actions. They typically involve sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons, allowing for rapid responses to stimuli without direct involvement of the brain. In the context of muscle activation, reflex arcs can facilitate reciprocal inhibition, ensuring that when one muscle contracts, its antagonist relaxes to prevent injury and maintain balance.
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Types of Reflexes
There are several types of reflexes, including flexor, crossed-extensor, and tendon reflexes. The flexor reflex involves the withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus, while the crossed-extensor reflex helps maintain balance by activating the opposite limb. Understanding these reflex types is essential for identifying how muscles interact during various movements and responses.
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Related Practice
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Describe the anatomical relationship of the white and gray rami communicantes to the spinal nerve, and indicate the kind of fibers found in each ramus type.
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Describe the importance of the hypothalamus in controlling the autonomic nervous system.
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Textbook Question
Tiffany, a 21-year-old college student, is having trouble sleeping, cries frequently, and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. An antidepressant is prescribed. Like many such drugs, this antidepressant has anticholinergic side effects. What side effects might Tiffany experience in the first week of treatment?
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Textbook Question
Describe the meaning and importance of sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone.
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Textbook Question
Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.
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