Textbook Question
Assume you have a 10-lb weight in your right hand. Explain why it is easier to flex the right elbow when your forearm is supinated than when it is pronated.
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Ch. 10 The Muscular System
Marieb, Hoehn7th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780805359091
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units24
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric19
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System10
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue23
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity28
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System18
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System26
- Ch. 17 Blood27
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart22
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues16
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses29
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System20
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System30
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System25
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System23
Marieb, Hoehn7th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780805359091Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 10, Problem 22
When Mrs. O'Brien returned to her doctor for a follow-up visit after childbirth, she complained that she was incontinent (having problems controlling her urine flow) when she sneezed. The physician asked his nurse to give Mrs. O'Brien instructions on how to perform exercises to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. To which muscles was he referring?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the context: Mrs. O'Brien is experiencing stress urinary incontinence, which often occurs due to weakened pelvic floor muscles after childbirth.
Identify the relevant muscle group: The pelvic floor muscles primarily include the levator ani group (pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus) and the coccygeus muscle, which support pelvic organs and help control urine flow.
Recognize the purpose of the exercises: Strengthening these muscles improves support for the bladder and urethra, enhancing voluntary control over urination, especially during activities that increase abdominal pressure like sneezing.
Relate to common exercise names: The physician likely referred to Kegel exercises, which involve repeated contraction and relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles to build strength and endurance.
Summarize: The muscles targeted are the pelvic floor muscles, mainly the levator ani group, which can be strengthened through specific exercises to reduce urinary incontinence.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Pelvic Floor Muscles
The pelvic floor muscles are a group of muscles that support the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, and rectum. They play a crucial role in maintaining continence by controlling the opening and closing of the urethra and anus. Strengthening these muscles can help prevent or reduce urinary incontinence, especially after childbirth.
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Stress Urinary Incontinence
Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as sneezing, coughing, or exercising. It often occurs when the pelvic floor muscles are weakened, which can happen after childbirth due to muscle stretching or nerve damage. Exercises targeting these muscles can improve control and reduce symptoms.
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Kegel Exercises
Kegel exercises involve repeatedly contracting and relaxing the pelvic floor muscles to strengthen them. These exercises are commonly prescribed to women after childbirth to improve muscle tone and support for the bladder and urethra. Proper technique and regular practice can enhance muscle strength and help manage urinary incontinence.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Mr. Ahmadi, an out-of-shape 45-year-old man, was advised by his physician to lose weight and to exercise on a regular basis. He followed his diet faithfully and began to jog daily. One day, while on his morning jog, he heard a snapping sound that was immediately followed by a severe pain in his right lower calf. When his leg was examined, a gap was seen between his swollen upper calf region and his heel, and he was unable to plantar flex that ankle. What do you think happened? Why was the upper part of his calf swollen?
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Textbook Question
Name two muscles in each of the following compartments or regions:
a. thenar eminence (ball of thumb)
b. posterior compartment of forearm
c. anterior compartment of forearm—deep muscle group
d. anterior muscle group in the arm
e. muscles of mastication
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Textbook Question
a. Name the four muscle pairs that act in unison to compress the abdominal contents.
b. How does their arrangement (fiber direction) contribute to the strength of the abdominal wall?
c. Which of these muscles can effect lateral rotation of the spine?
d. Which can act alone to flex the spine?
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Textbook Question
As Kendra's coach watched her sail over the high jump bar, he contracted his right orbicularis oculi muscle, raised his arm, and contracted his opponens pollicis. Was he pleased or displeased with her performance? How do you know?
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Textbook Question
Name two muscles in each of the following compartments or regions:
f. Third muscle layer of the foot
g. Posterior compartment of leg
h. Medial compartment of thigh
i. Posterior compartment of thigh
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