Textbook Question
Why is it difficult to lift a heavy object when the elbow is at full extension?
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Ch. 11 The Muscular System
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization30
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure36
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses16
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System20
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation29
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity31
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System12
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes32
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance23
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 11, Problem 29
Mary sees Jill coming toward her and immediately contracts her frontalis and procerus. She also contracts her right levator labii. Is Mary glad to see Jill? How can you tell?
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Identify the muscles Mary contracts: the frontalis, procerus, and right levator labii. Each of these muscles contributes to specific facial expressions.
Understand the function of the frontalis muscle: it raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead, often associated with surprise or concern rather than happiness.
Recognize the role of the procerus muscle: it pulls the skin between the eyebrows downward, creating a frown or furrowed brow, which is typically linked to anger or displeasure.
Consider the action of the levator labii muscle: it elevates the upper lip, which can indicate disdain, disgust, or contempt, especially when contracted unilaterally (on one side).
Combine these muscle actions to interpret Mary's emotional state: since the muscles involved are generally associated with negative or intense emotions rather than joy, it suggests Mary is not glad to see Jill.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Facial Expressions and Emotions
Facial expressions are key indicators of emotional states. The frontalis muscle raises the eyebrows, often associated with surprise or happiness, while the procerus can indicate frowning or concern. The levator labii elevates the upper lip, which can signal a positive emotional response. Understanding these expressions helps in interpreting Mary's feelings toward Jill.
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Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication encompasses all forms of communication that do not involve words, including facial expressions, body language, and gestures. It plays a crucial role in conveying emotions and intentions. In this scenario, Mary's facial muscle contractions serve as nonverbal cues that can suggest her emotional state and attitude toward Jill.
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Contextual Interpretation
Contextual interpretation involves analyzing the surrounding circumstances and environment to understand behavior and emotions accurately. In this case, the context of Mary seeing Jill and her immediate facial reactions provides insight into her feelings. Recognizing the social dynamics and previous interactions can further clarify whether her expressions indicate gladness or another emotion.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Why does a convergent muscle exhibit more versatility when contracting than does a parallel muscle?
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Textbook Question
Why can a pennate muscle generate more tension than can a parallel muscle of the same size?
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Textbook Question
While unloading her car trunk, Amy strains a muscle and as a result has difficulty moving her arm. The doctor in the emergency room tells her that she strained her pectoralis major. Amy tells you that she thought the pectoralis major was a chest muscle and doesn't understand what that has to do with her arm. What should you tell her?
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Textbook Question
Mary's newborn is having trouble suckling. The doctor suggests that it may be a problem with a particular muscle. What muscle is the doctor probably referring to?
(a) Orbicularis oris
(b) Buccinator
(c) Masseter
(d) Risorius
(e) Zygomaticus
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