Textbook Question
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor the osmotic concentration of the ECF and secrete _______ in response to higher osmotic concentrations.
(a) BNP
(b) ANP
(c) aldosterone
(d) ADH
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Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization30
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure36
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses16
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System20
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation29
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity31
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System12
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes32
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance23
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 26, Problem 2
The principal anions in the ICF are:
(a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻)
(b) Phosphate and bicarbonate
(c) Sodium and chloride
(d) Sodium and potassium
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the terms ICF and anions. ICF stands for intracellular fluid, which is the fluid inside the cells. Anions are negatively charged ions present in this fluid.
Step 2: Recall the common ions found inside cells. The principal cations (positively charged ions) inside cells are potassium (K⁺), while the principal anions (negatively charged ions) include phosphate ions and proteins (Pr⁻).
Step 3: Analyze each option in the question: (a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻) are known major intracellular anions; (b) Phosphate and bicarbonate - bicarbonate is more abundant in extracellular fluid; (c) Sodium and chloride - these are mainly extracellular ions; (d) Sodium and potassium - both are cations, not anions.
Step 4: Conclude that the principal anions in the intracellular fluid are phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻), which corresponds to option (a).
Step 5: Remember that the balance of ions inside and outside the cell is crucial for cell function, and the presence of phosphate and proteins as principal anions in the ICF helps maintain this balance.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Composition
The intracellular fluid is the fluid within cells, containing a unique mix of ions and molecules essential for cellular function. Understanding its composition helps distinguish it from extracellular fluid, especially in terms of dominant ions and molecules.
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Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Action Example 1
Principal Anions in ICF
Anions are negatively charged ions; in the ICF, the main anions include phosphate ions (PO4³⁻) and negatively charged proteins (Pr⁻). These anions help maintain cell charge balance and participate in metabolic processes.
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04:34Ions: Anions vs. Cations
Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Ions
Intracellular fluid is rich in potassium and phosphate ions, while extracellular fluid contains more sodium and chloride ions. Recognizing this difference is key to answering questions about ion distribution in body fluids.
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2:39Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Action Example 1
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Write the missing names and molecular formulas for the following reactions between the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system and the bicarbonate reserve.
a. ___
b. ___
c. ___
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Textbook Question
The primary components of the ECF are:
(a) Lymph and cerebrospinal fluid
(b) Plasma and serous fluids
(c) Interstitial fluid and plasma
(d) All of these
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Textbook Question
Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects:
(a) A balance between absorption in the gut and excretion by the kidneys
(b) Careful regulation of the blood calcium level by the kidneys
(c) An interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone,
(d) An interplay among reserves in the bones, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion
(e) Hormonal control of calcium reserves in the bones
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