Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biochemistry4h 34m
2. Water3h 23m
3. Amino Acids8h 10m
4. Protein Structure10h 4m
5. Protein Techniques14h 5m
6. Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics13h 38m
7. Enzyme Inhibition and Regulation 8h 42m
8. Protein Function 9h 41m
9. Carbohydrates7h 49m
10. Lipids5h 49m
11. Biological Membranes and Transport 6h 37m
12. Biosignaling9h 45m
Review 1: Nucleic Acids, Lipids, & Membranes2h 47m
Review 2: Biosignaling, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, & PP-Pathway3h 12m
Review 3: Pyruvate & Fatty Acid Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, & Glycogen Metabolism2h 26m
Review 4: Amino Acid Oxidation, Oxidative Phosphorylation, & Photophosphorylation1h 48m

4. Protein Structure

Denaturation

Biochemistry

4. Protein Structure

Denaturation

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Multiple Choice

A protein's hydrogen bonds are broken and its structure is unfolded when the protein:

undergoes peptide bond formation

is phosphorylated by a kinase

is exposed to high temperatures or extreme pH

is synthesized by ribosomes

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of protein denaturation: Protein denaturation refers to the process where a protein loses its native structure due to external stress, such as high temperatures or extreme pH. This disrupts hydrogen bonds and other non-covalent interactions that maintain the protein's folded structure.

Analyze the role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure: Hydrogen bonds are critical for stabilizing secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins. These bonds are sensitive to environmental changes like temperature and pH.

Evaluate the options provided: Peptide bond formation, phosphorylation by a kinase, and synthesis by ribosomes do not directly disrupt hydrogen bonds or unfold the protein structure. These processes are part of protein synthesis or modification, not denaturation.

Focus on the correct answer: High temperatures or extreme pH can disrupt hydrogen bonds by altering the chemical environment, leading to protein unfolding. For example, heat increases molecular motion, breaking hydrogen bonds, while extreme pH can alter the ionization state of amino acid side chains, destabilizing the structure.

Conclude the reasoning: The correct answer is 'is exposed to high temperatures or extreme pH,' as these conditions directly cause protein denaturation by breaking hydrogen bonds and unfolding the structure.