In the context of phosphorylation, how do protein kinases most directly affect the activity of enzymes?

During kinase phosphorylation, which phosphate group is removed from ATP in the figure below?

Covalent modification of an enzyme usually involves phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of:

When the active site of an enzyme is phosphorylated on one of its catalytic amino acid residues, the overall _______________ charge of phosphate groups would _____________ the affinity for a polar, negatively charged substrate.