A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics except
a. Pharyngeal slits in the embryo or adult.
b. Vertebrae.
c. Hinged jaws.
d. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.

a. The chordates and the tetrapods

b. The urochordates and the cephalochordates

c. The cyclostomes and the gnathostome

d. The marsupials and the eutherians

In the chordate phylogenetic tree below, fill in the shared derived character that defines each clade.

What trait(s) characterize the vertebrates?

a. Vertebrae and a cranium

b. Jaws and a spinal cord

c. Bony endoskeleton

d. Notochord and post-anal tail

In Figure 34.25, which of the following is the sister taxon to the archosaurs?

a. Synapsids

b. Crocodilians

c. Turtles

d. Lepidosaurs

Which clade does not include humans?

a. Synapsids

b. Lobe-fins

c. Diapsids

d. Osteichthyans

Two black female mice are crossed with a brown male. In several litters, female I produced 9 black offspring and 7 brown; female II produced 57 black offspring. What deductions can you make about the inheritance of black and brown coat color in mice? What are the genotypes of the parents?

Why were the Tiktaalik fossils an exciting discovery for scientists studying tetrapod evolution?

a. They are the earliest frog-like animal discovered to date.

b. They show that tetrapods successfully colonized land much earlier than previously thought.

c. They have a roughly equal combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics.

d. They demonstrate conclusively that limbs evolved as lobe-fins dragged themselves from pond to pond during droughts.