Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

9. Photosynthesis

Stages of Photosynthesis

General Biology

9. Photosynthesis

Stages of Photosynthesis

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0:59 minutes

Problem 1

Textbook Question

Complete this summary map of photosynthesis.
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Step 1: Photosynthesis begins with the conversion of light energy (a) into chemical energy. This process occurs in the chloroplasts.

Step 2: Photosynthesis includes two main stages: the light reactions (b) and the Calvin cycle (c). The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.

Step 3: During the light reactions, water (H2O) is split, releasing oxygen (O2) as a byproduct (d). This process also generates electrons and protons.

Step 4: Light-excited electrons of chlorophyll are passed down the electron transport chain (e), reducing NADP⁺ to NADPH (f). This electron transport also drives the production of ATP through chemiosmosis.

Step 5: In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide (CO2) is fixed to RuBP, forming a 3-carbon molecule that is reduced using ATP and NADPH (g). This process ultimately produces glucose or other carbohydrates (h).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the biochemical process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. This process primarily occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll captures sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The overall equation for photosynthesis can be summarized as 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs light most efficiently in the blue and red wavelengths, reflecting green light, which is why plants appear green. Chlorophyll plays a crucial role in converting solar energy into chemical energy by facilitating the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Light-dependent and Light-independent Reactions

Photosynthesis consists of two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and require sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, while releasing oxygen as a byproduct. The light-independent reactions, occurring in the stroma, use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, completing the photosynthetic process.

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