Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

9. Photosynthesis

Stages of Photosynthesis

General Biology

9. Photosynthesis

Stages of Photosynthesis

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1:09 minutes

Problem 1

Textbook Question

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with
a. Light energy.
b. CO₂ and ATP.
c. H₂O and NADPH.
d. ATP and NADPH.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the two main stages of photosynthesis: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Recognize that the light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are energy carriers. These molecules are essential for the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Recall that the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide (

{CO}_{2}

) into glucose, a process known as carbon fixation.

Identify that light energy is not directly supplied to the Calvin cycle; instead, it is used in the light reactions to generate ATP and NADPH.

Conclude that the correct answer is d. ATP and NADPH, as these are the products of the light reactions that are utilized in the Calvin cycle.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. It consists of two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions capture sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize glucose from CO2.

Light-dependent Reactions

The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll. This energy is used to split water molecules, releasing oxygen, and to generate ATP and NADPH. These products are essential for the Calvin cycle, providing the energy and reducing power needed to convert CO2 into glucose.

Calvin Cycle

The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions, takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts. It uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert CO2 into glucose through a series of enzyme-mediated steps. This cycle does not require light directly but relies on the energy carriers generated during the light-dependent phase.

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