Multiple Choice
What enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to add a phosphate to ADP during chemiosmosis?
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8. Respiration
Chemiosmosis
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In chemiosmosis, which process directly drives the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria?
A
The movement of protons (H$^+$) down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
B
The active transport of sodium ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
C
The transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen
D
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of chemiosmosis: Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is synthesized in mitochondria during cellular respiration. It involves the movement of protons (H⁺) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient.
Identify the role of the electrochemical gradient: During cellular respiration, the electron transport chain pumps protons (H⁺) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a high concentration of protons outside the matrix. This gradient stores potential energy.
Recognize the function of ATP synthase: ATP synthase is a protein complex embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It acts as a channel that allows protons (H⁺) to flow back into the mitochondrial matrix down their electrochemical gradient.
Connect the movement of protons to ATP synthesis: As protons (H⁺) flow through ATP synthase, the energy released from their movement drives the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into ATP.
Eliminate incorrect options: The active transport of sodium ions, the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen, and the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate are important processes in cellular respiration but do not directly drive ATP synthesis in chemiosmosis. The correct process is the movement of protons (H⁺) down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase.
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