Explain how seed dispersal by animals is an example of mutualism in some cases.

What is true about inducible defenses? Select True or False for each statement.

T/F They are always present; thus, an individual is always able to defend itself.

T/F They make it impossible for a consumer to launch surprise attacks.

T/F They result from a coevolutionary arms race.

T/F They make efficient use of resources, because they are produced only when needed.

To ensure adequate nitrogen for a crop, a farmer would want to decrease _________ by soil bacteria.

a. Nitrification

b. Denitrification

c. Nitrogen fixation

d. a and c

Cite an example to explain why species interactions are conditional and dynamic.

Evaluate this statement: Species want to increase their fitness by helping friendly species and hurting enemy species.

Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship?

a. Moles catching and eating earthworms from the moles' underground tunnels

b. Cattails and reed canary grass growing together in wetland soils

c. Cleaner fish removing and eating parasites from the teeth of sharks

d. Colorado potato beetles consuming potato plant leaves

e. More than one of the above

In some circumstances, the use of probiotics, which stimulate the rapid growth of bacteria that are mutualistic or commensal with humans, can eliminate the need to use antibiotics, which can wipe out helpful bacteria along with harmful bacteria. The use of probiotics is an example of which process?

a. Succession

b. Competitive exclusion

c. Parasitism

d. Niche differentiation

How do animals help flowering plants reproduce? How do the animals benefit?

Lyme disease is caused by infections of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (stained blue in the inset, among red blood cells), which is transferred to humans via blood-sucking bites from the tick Ixodes scapularis. Lyme disease can cause flu-like symptoms in the short term and more serious illnesses in the long term if not treated.

Why is Lyme disease on the rise in eastern North America?

In relation to humans, B. burgdorferi is a/an ____________ and the tick is a/an _____________.

a. endoparasite/ectoparasite

b. endoparasite/host

c. parasitoid/host

d. parasite/predator