Multiple Choice
The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are:
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10. Cell Signaling
Introduction to Cell Signaling
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According to the graph, B cells will first produce effector cells at which point during an immune response?
A
Before encountering any antigen
B
Immediately after initial antigen exposure
C
After receiving activation signals from helper T cells
D
Only after the memory phase has been established
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the role of B cells in the immune response. B cells are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies to fight pathogens. They require activation to differentiate into effector cells (plasma cells) that secrete antibodies.
Recall the process of B cell activation. B cells are activated when they encounter their specific antigen and receive additional signals from helper T cells. These signals are crucial for the activation process.
Analyze the options provided. B cells cannot produce effector cells before encountering an antigen because they need to recognize the antigen to initiate the immune response. Similarly, they do not produce effector cells immediately after antigen exposure because activation signals from helper T cells are required.
Focus on the correct sequence of events. After encountering an antigen, B cells present the antigen to helper T cells via MHC class II molecules. Helper T cells then provide activation signals (e.g., cytokines) to the B cells.
Conclude that B cells will produce effector cells only after receiving activation signals from helper T cells. This step ensures that the immune response is specific and regulated.
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