Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

8. Respiration

Types of Phosphorylation

General Biology

8. Respiration

Types of Phosphorylation

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4:21 minutes

Problem 14

Textbook Question

Oxidative phosphorylation involves the flow of both electrons and H+. Explain the roles of these movements in the synthesis of ATP.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of oxidative phosphorylation: It is the final stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where ATP is synthesized using energy derived from the movement of electrons and protons (H+).

Describe the electron transport chain (ETC): Electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes (Complex I, II, III, and IV) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These electrons originate from NADH and FADH₂, which are produced during earlier stages of cellular respiration.

Explain the role of electron movement: As electrons flow through the ETC, they release energy at each step. This energy is used to pump H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient (high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space and low concentration in the matrix).

Discuss the proton gradient and chemiosmosis: The proton gradient creates potential energy, referred to as the proton motive force. H+ ions flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, a protein complex that acts as a channel and enzyme. This movement of H+ drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

Summarize the coupling of electron and proton movements: The flow of electrons through the ETC provides the energy to establish the proton gradient, and the flow of H+ through ATP synthase directly powers the production of ATP. This process is an example of energy coupling in cellular respiration.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria, where ATP is produced as a result of the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain. This process is coupled with the movement of protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons derived from NADH and FADH2. As electrons move through the chain, they release energy, which is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, establishing a proton gradient essential for ATP production.

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis refers to the process by which ATP is synthesized in mitochondria, driven by the flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase. This enzyme harnesses the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP, effectively linking the movement of electrons and protons to energy production.

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