ATP synthase enzymes are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
What does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of this eukaryotic organelle to prokaryotes?

Your body makes NAD⁺ and FAD from two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin. The Recommended Dietary Allowance is 20 mg for niacin and 1.7 mg for riboflavin. These amounts are thousands of times less than the amount of glucose your body needs each day to fuel its energy needs.

Why is the daily requirement for these vitamins so small?

Oxidative phosphorylation involves the flow of both electrons and H+. Explain the roles of these movements in the synthesis of ATP.

In the citric acid cycle, an enzyme oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate, with the production of NADH and the release of H+. You are studying this reaction using a suspension of bean cell mitochondria and a blue dye that loses its color as it takes up H+. You set up reaction mixtures with mitochondria, dye, and three different concentrations of malate (0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, and 0.3 mg/L).

Which of the following graphs represents the results you would expect, and why?

Several studies have found a correlation between the activity levels of brown fat tissue in research participants following exposure to cold and their percentage of body fat. Devise a graph that would present the results from such a study, labeling the axes and drawing a line to show whether the results show a positive or negative correlation between the variables. Propose two hypotheses that could explain these results.

For a short time in the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H⁺.

Explain how this drug could cause profuse sweating, weight loss, and possibly death.