Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

36. Plant Reproduction

Flowers

General Biology

36. Plant Reproduction

Flowers

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1:57 minutes

Problem 2

Textbook Question

In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?
a. Each one fertilizes a separate egg cell
b. One fertilizes an egg, and the other is kept in reserve
c. Both fertilize a single egg cell
d. One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the process of double fertilization in angiosperms: Angiosperms (flowering plants) undergo a unique process called double fertilization, where two sperm cells from a single pollen grain are involved in fertilization.

Recall the role of the first sperm: One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote, which will develop into the embryo of the seed.

Recall the role of the second sperm: The second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei in the central cell of the ovule, forming a triploid cell. This triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as stored food for the developing embryo.

Eliminate incorrect options: a) is incorrect because only one egg is fertilized. b) is incorrect because the second sperm is not kept in reserve. c) is incorrect because both sperm do not fertilize the same egg.

Select the correct answer: The correct answer is d) One sperm fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food, which aligns with the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Double Fertilization

Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm. This endosperm serves as a nutrient source for the developing embryo, making it crucial for seed development.

Pollen Grain Structure

A pollen grain in angiosperms contains two sperm cells and is the male gametophyte. Upon landing on a compatible stigma, it germinates and forms a pollen tube that delivers the sperm cells to the ovule, where fertilization occurs. Understanding this structure is essential for grasping how fertilization takes place.

Angiosperm Reproductive Cycle

The reproductive cycle of angiosperms involves the alternation of generations, where the diploid sporophyte produces haploid gametes through meiosis. This cycle includes the formation of flowers, pollination, fertilization, and seed development, highlighting the complex interactions between male and female gametes in plant reproduction.

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Related Videos

Related Practice

Multiple Choice

In an environment that is very stable, with reliable moisture and temperature, what type of reproduction would be most advantageous for a plant, and why?

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Multiple Choice

Which statement below accurately describes the role of S-genes in plants?

Evaluate these statements about double fertilization. Select True or False for each sentence.

T/FTwo zygotes are formed, but only one survives.

T/FOne sperm fuses with an egg while the other sperm fuses with polar nuclei.

T/FIt results in the formation of a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm.

T/FBoth sperm involved in double fertilization form within the same pollen tube.

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Textbook Question

Double fertilization means that:

a. Flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds

b. Every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo

c. One sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei

d. Every sperm has two nuclei

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Textbook Question

In angiosperms, are sperm and eggs produced by mitosis or meiosis?

Which cells are spores?

Which structures are gametophytes?

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Textbook Question

Match questions 3–8 with options a–f.

3. Attracts pollinator

4. Develops into seed

5. Protects flower before it opens

6. Produces sperm

7. Produces pollen

8. Houses ovules

a. Pollen grain

b. Ovule

c. Anther

d. Ovary

e. Sepal

f. Petal

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Textbook Question

Some plant species produce male and female individuals in which the males have an XY genotype and the females have an XX genotype. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?

a. Embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY

b. Embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY

c. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY

d. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY

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Textbook Question

Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?

a. Embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY

b. Embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY

c. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY

d. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY

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