Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

36. Plant Reproduction

Flowers

General Biology

36. Plant Reproduction

Flowers

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2:27 minutes

Problem 5

Textbook Question

Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?
a. Embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY
b. Embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY
c. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY
d. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of double fertilization. In flowering plants, double fertilization involves two sperm cells from the pollen grain. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the embryo, while the other sperm cell fertilizes the central cell (which contains two nuclei) to form the triploid endosperm.

Step 2: Analyze the genetic contribution during fertilization. The male gamete contributes either an X or Y chromosome, while the female gamete contributes an X chromosome. For the central cell, the female contributes two X chromosomes (since it is diploid).

Step 3: Determine the possible genotypes of the embryo. The embryo is formed by the fusion of the egg cell (X) and one sperm cell (X or Y). This results in either XX (female embryo) or XY (male embryo).

Step 4: Determine the possible genotypes of the endosperm nuclei. The endosperm is formed by the fusion of the central cell (XX) and one sperm cell (X or Y). This results in either XXX (if the sperm contributes X) or XXY (if the sperm contributes Y).

Step 5: Match the possible combinations of embryo and endosperm genotypes with the given options. Based on the analysis, the correct combinations are: embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Dioecious Species

Dioecious species are those that have distinct male and female individuals, each producing different types of gametes. In the context of plants, dioecy often involves specific sex chromosomes, such as XY for males and XX for females. Understanding this concept is crucial for predicting the genetic outcomes of fertilization events, as it determines the sex of the offspring based on the parental contributions.

Double Fertilization

Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm. This endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo. Recognizing this process is essential for determining the genotypes of both the embryo and the endosperm in dioecious species after fertilization.

Genotype and Nuclei Composition

The genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism, which in this case includes the sex chromosomes of the embryos and the endosperm. The composition of the endosperm nuclei is particularly important as it results from the fusion of gametes and polar nuclei. Understanding how these genetic combinations arise from the fertilization process is key to answering the question regarding the possible genotypes of the embryos and endosperm.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?

a. Each one fertilizes a separate egg cell

b. One fertilizes an egg, and the other is kept in reserve

c. Both fertilize a single egg cell

d. One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food

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views

Textbook Question

In angiosperms, are sperm and eggs produced by mitosis or meiosis?

Which cells are spores?

Which structures are gametophytes?

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Textbook Question

Match questions 3–8 with options a–f.

3. Attracts pollinator

4. Develops into seed

5. Protects flower before it opens

6. Produces sperm

7. Produces pollen

8. Houses ovules

a. Pollen grain

b. Ovule

c. Anther

d. Ovary

e. Sepal

f. Petal

958

views

Textbook Question

Some plant species produce male and female individuals in which the males have an XY genotype and the females have an XX genotype. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?

a. Embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY

b. Embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY

c. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY

d. Embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY

938

views

Textbook Question

In a species showing sporophytic incompatibility, which type(s) of pollen could successfully fertilize an S₂S₃ flower?

a. S₁ pollen from an S₁S₃ flower

b. S₂ or S₃ pollen from an S₂S₃ flower

c. S₃ pollen from an S₁S₁ flower

d. S₁ pollen from an S₁S₁ flower