Based on the tree below, which statement is correct?
a. Lizards and goats form a sister group.
b. Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.
c. Salamanders are more closely related to lizards than to humans.
d. Goats and humans are the only sister group shown in this tree.

Three living species, X, Y, and Z, share a common ancestor, T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up

a. A monophyletic taxon

b. An ingroup, with species U as the outgroup

c. A paraphyletic group

d. A polyphyletic group

Which of the following correctly describe an active site? Select True or False for each statement.

T/F It is the location in an enzyme where substrates bind.

T/F It is the place where a molecule or ion binds to an inactive enzyme to induce a shape change to make it active.

T/F It is the portion of an enzyme where chaperones bind to help enzymes fold.

T/F It is the site on an enzyme where catalysis occurs.

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?

a. Hair in humans and fur in mice

b. Astragalus ankle bones in hippos and deer

c. Hox genes in humans and flies

d. Streamlined bodies in dolphins and ichthyosaurs

Which of the following kingdoms or domains is a hodgepodge of different evolutionary lineages?

a. Bacteria

b. Protista

c. Archaea

d. Plantae

e. Animalia

In the following figure, which two main clades branch from the most recent common ancestor of the eumetazoans?

a. Porifera and Cnidaria

b. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

c. Cnidaria and Bilateria

d. Deuterostomia and Bilateria

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Explain the lock-and-key model of enzyme activity. What is incorrect about this model?

How do the extracellular filaments in plants differ from those in animals?

a. Plant filaments resist compression forces; animal filaments resist pulling forces.

b. Animal filaments consist of proteins; plant filaments consist of polysaccharides.

c. Plant extracellular filaments never move; animal filaments can slide past one another.

d. Plant filaments run parallel to one another; animal filaments crisscross.

What important assumption does parsimony make when assessing which phylogenetic tree is most accurate? Why was parsimony misleading in the case of the astragalus during the evolution of artiodactyls?