Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between membrane potential and ion concentrations according to the Nernst equation?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides a rapid, generalized response, while adaptive immunity provides a slower, specific response.

Question 2

A marine fish constantly loses water to its environment due to osmosis. Which adaptation helps it maintain osmotic balance?

Accepted Answer

It actively drinks seawater and excretes excess salts through specialized cells in its gills.

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels? What is its primary target tissue?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; muscle and adipose tissue

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans?

Accepted Answer

Spermatogenesis produces four viable sperm per precursor cell, while oogenesis produces one viable egg and polar bodies.

Question 5

During embryonic development, which process establishes the three primary germ layers?

Accepted Answer

Gastrulation

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why action potentials travel in only one direction along an axon?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated sodium channels become temporarily inactivated after opening, preventing backward propagation.

Question 7

Which brain region is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movement and balance?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 8

A patient is exposed to a novel virus and produces antibodies after several days. Which immune response is this, and why is it slower than subsequent exposures?

Accepted Answer

Primary immune response; it takes time for B and T cells to recognize the antigen and proliferate.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between membrane potential and ion concentrations according to the Nernst equation?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 10

Which structure in the mammalian nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It releases hormones that regulate the activity of the pituitary gland.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the basic sensory pathway?

Accepted Answer

Reception → Transduction → Transmission → Perception

Question 13

Which type of animal reproductive strategy involves embryos developing inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they hatch?

Accepted Answer

Ovoviviparous

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why uric acid is the primary nitrogenous waste in birds and reptiles?

Accepted Answer

Uric acid is insoluble and can be excreted as a paste, conserving water in arid environments.

Question 15

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for this rapid, involuntary response?

Accepted Answer

Somatic nervous system (reflex arc)

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of glial cells in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Forming myelin sheaths around axons to increase signal speed

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It is the functional unit where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the muscle.

Question 18

Which sensory receptor type is responsible for detecting changes in pressure and vibration?

Accepted Answer

Mechanoreceptors

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between negative and positive feedback in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback maintains homeostasis by counteracting changes, while positive feedback reinforces the stimulus.

Question 20

Which extraembryonic membrane in amniotes is primarily responsible for storing nitrogenous waste?

Accepted Answer

Allantois

General Biology II: Exam 3 Study Guide (Chapters 43–50)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards