Textbook Question
Which of the following is not part of the vertebrate innate immunity defense?
a. Macrophages
b. Antibodies
c. Complement system
d. Inflammation
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Ch. 24 The Immune System
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Biology: The Study of Scientific Life19
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis of Life17
- Ch. 3 The Molecules of Cells21
- Ch. 4 A Tour of the Cell20
- Ch. 5 The Working Cell17
- Ch. 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy18
- Ch. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food15
- Ch. 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance22
- Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance17
- Ch. 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene13
- Ch. 11 How Genes Are Controlled13
- Ch. 12 DNA Technology and Genomics23
- Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve17
- Ch. 14 The Origin of Species19
- Ch. 15 Tracing Evolutionary History18
- Ch. 16 Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists16
- Ch. 17 The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity15
- Ch. 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity13
- Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity18
- Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function11
- Ch. 21 Nutrition and Digestion16
- Ch. 22 Gas Exchange16
- Ch. 23 Circulation17
- Ch. 24 The Immune System16
- Ch. 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance20
- Ch. 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System10
- Ch. 27 Reproduction and Embryonic Development12
- Ch. 28 Nervous Systems10
- Ch. 29 The Senses12
- Ch. 30 How Animals Move19
- Ch. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction9
- Ch. 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport12
- Ch. 33 Control Systems in Plants15
- Ch. 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments15
- Ch. 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment12
- Ch. 36 Population Ecology15
- Ch. 37 Communities and Ecosystems14
- Ch. 38 Conservation Biology14
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 24, Problem 6
Describe how HIV is transmitted and how immune system cells in an infected person are affected by HIV. What are the most effective means of preventing HIV transmission? Why is AIDS particularly deadly compared with other viral diseases?
Verified step by step guidance1
HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is primarily transmitted through direct contact with certain body fluids from a person with HIV. These fluids include blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The virus can be transmitted through sexual behaviors, sharing of needles, syringes, or other injection equipment, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
Once HIV enters the body, it targets the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which are a type of white blood cell that plays a major role in protecting the body from infection. HIV fuses with the CD4 cells and inserts its genetic material into the cells, turning them into factories that help produce more HIV particles. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can't fight off infections and disease anymore, leading to the most severe phase of HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The most effective means of preventing HIV transmission include practicing safe sex (using condoms), not sharing needles, syringes, or other injection equipment, and taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication if at high risk of HIV infection. For those already infected, taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce the viral load in their body to undetectable levels, which makes it very unlikely for them to transmit the virus to others.
AIDS is particularly deadly compared to other viral diseases because it directly targets the immune system, weakening it and making the body more susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers that it would normally be able to fend off. These opportunistic infections are often the cause of death in people with AIDS.
Understanding the transmission and effects of HIV on the immune system can help in the development and implementation of effective strategies to prevent the spread of HIV and manage its impact in infected individuals.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
HIV Transmission
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is primarily transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Common routes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Understanding these transmission pathways is crucial for implementing effective prevention strategies.
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Immunization and Autoimmunity
Impact on Immune System
HIV specifically targets CD4+ T cells, which are essential for a functioning immune system. The virus enters these cells, replicates, and ultimately leads to their destruction. As the number of CD4+ T cells declines, the immune system becomes increasingly compromised, making the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections and diseases.
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AIDS and Its Severity
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the final stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely weakened immune system. Unlike many other viral diseases, AIDS leads to a range of opportunistic infections and cancers that can be fatal. The lack of effective immune response in AIDS patients makes it particularly deadly, as their bodies cannot fight off infections that would typically be manageable.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Which of the following best describes the difference in the way B cells and cytotoxic T cells deal with invaders?
a. B cells confer active immunity; T cells confer passive immunity.
b. B cells send out antibodies to attack; certain T cells can do the attacking themselves.
c. T cells handle the primary immune response; B cells handle the secondary response.
d. B cells are responsible for the cell-mediated immune response; T cells are responsible for the humoral immune response.
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Textbook Question
Cytotoxic T cells are able to recognize infected body cells because
a. The infected cells display foreign antigens.
b. The infected cells produce antigens.
c. Infected cells release antibodies into the blood.
d. Helper T cells destroy them first.
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Textbook Question
What is inflammation? How does it protect the body? Why is inflammation considered part of the innate immune response?
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Textbook Question
Helper T cells recognize the self-nonself complex on ___________ cells, while cytotoxic T cells recognize the complex on ___________ cells.
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Textbook Question
In the condition myasthenia gravis, antibodies bind to and block certain receptors on muscle cells, preventing muscle contraction. This condition is best classified as an
a. Immunodeficiency disorder.
b. Exaggerated immune reaction.
c. Allergic reaction.
d. Autoimmune disorder.
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