Textbook Question
Compare and describe the roles of CO₂ and H₂O in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
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Ch. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Biology: The Study of Scientific Life19
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis of Life17
- Ch. 3 The Molecules of Cells21
- Ch. 4 A Tour of the Cell20
- Ch. 5 The Working Cell17
- Ch. 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy18
- Ch. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food15
- Ch. 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance22
- Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance17
- Ch. 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene13
- Ch. 11 How Genes Are Controlled13
- Ch. 12 DNA Technology and Genomics23
- Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve17
- Ch. 14 The Origin of Species19
- Ch. 15 Tracing Evolutionary History18
- Ch. 16 Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists16
- Ch. 17 The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity15
- Ch. 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity13
- Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity18
- Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function11
- Ch. 21 Nutrition and Digestion16
- Ch. 22 Gas Exchange16
- Ch. 23 Circulation17
- Ch. 24 The Immune System16
- Ch. 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance20
- Ch. 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System10
- Ch. 27 Reproduction and Embryonic Development12
- Ch. 28 Nervous Systems10
- Ch. 29 The Senses12
- Ch. 30 How Animals Move19
- Ch. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction9
- Ch. 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport12
- Ch. 33 Control Systems in Plants15
- Ch. 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments15
- Ch. 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment12
- Ch. 36 Population Ecology15
- Ch. 37 Communities and Ecosystems14
- Ch. 38 Conservation Biology14
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make FoodProblem 14
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make FoodProblem 14Chapter 7, Problem 14
The following diagram compares the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Identify the components that are shared by both organelles and indicate which side of the membrane has the higher H+ concentration. Then label on the right the locations within the chloroplast.
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Step 1: Identify the shared components between mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both organelles use a membrane-bound ATP synthase enzyme to synthesize ATP, and both rely on a proton gradient (H+ concentration difference) across a membrane to drive this process.
Step 2: Determine which side of the membrane has the higher H+ concentration. In mitochondria, the intermembrane space has a higher H+ concentration compared to the matrix. In chloroplasts, the thylakoid lumen has a higher H+ concentration compared to the stroma.
Step 3: Label the components on the right side of the diagram for the chloroplast. 'c' corresponds to the thylakoid lumen, 'd' corresponds to the thylakoid membrane, and 'e' corresponds to the stroma.
Step 4: Understand the movement of protons. In both organelles, protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, from the side with higher H+ concentration to the side with lower H+ concentration, driving ATP synthesis.
Step 5: Relate the energy source for creating the proton gradient. In mitochondria, the energy comes from the electron transport chain powered by cellular respiration. In chloroplasts, the energy comes from the light-driven electron transport chain during photosynthesis.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is produced in both mitochondria and chloroplasts through the movement of protons (H+) across a membrane. This movement occurs via ATP synthase, an enzyme that harnesses the energy from the proton gradient created by electron transport chains. The flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix or chloroplast stroma drives the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
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Chemiosmosis
Proton Gradient
A proton gradient is established when there is a difference in H+ ion concentration across a membrane. In mitochondria, this gradient is created during cellular respiration, while in chloroplasts, it occurs during photosynthesis. The side of the membrane with a higher concentration of H+ ions is crucial for ATP synthesis, as it drives protons through ATP synthase, facilitating ATP production.
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Organellar Structures
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have distinct structures that facilitate their functions. Mitochondria have an inner membrane where the electron transport chain is located, while chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes where light-dependent reactions occur. Understanding these structures is essential for identifying where ATP synthesis takes place and how the components of each organelle contribute to the overall process of energy conversion.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What do plants do with the sugar they produce in photosynthesis?
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Textbook Question
Explain what is meant by saying the light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy.
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Textbook Question
Continue your comparison of electron transport and chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In each case:
a. Where do the electrons come from?
b. How do the electrons get their high potential energy?
c. What picks up the electrons at the end of the chain?
d. How is the energy released as electrons are transferred down the electron transport chain used?
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Textbook Question
Most scientific experts agree that climate change is already occurring and has potentially catastrophic consequences for all of life on Earth. The Paris Agreement of 2015 represented a global consensus on the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, in 2017 the United States announced its intention to withdraw from the Agreement in 2020. Go online to research and summarize the main agreements reached in this historic global climate accord and the U.S. government's reasons for withdrawing. What roles do you think scientists, politicians, and citizens will need to play to cut emissions and limit global warming?
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