Textbook Question
Create a diagram or concept map that shows the relationships between the following: root system, root hairs, shoot system, leaves, petioles, blades, stems, nodes, internodes, flowers.
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Ch. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Biology: The Study of Scientific Life19
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis of Life17
- Ch. 3 The Molecules of Cells21
- Ch. 4 A Tour of the Cell20
- Ch. 5 The Working Cell17
- Ch. 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy18
- Ch. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food15
- Ch. 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance22
- Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance17
- Ch. 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene13
- Ch. 11 How Genes Are Controlled13
- Ch. 12 DNA Technology and Genomics23
- Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve17
- Ch. 14 The Origin of Species19
- Ch. 15 Tracing Evolutionary History18
- Ch. 16 Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists16
- Ch. 17 The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity15
- Ch. 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity13
- Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity18
- Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function11
- Ch. 21 Nutrition and Digestion16
- Ch. 22 Gas Exchange16
- Ch. 23 Circulation17
- Ch. 24 The Immune System16
- Ch. 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance20
- Ch. 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System10
- Ch. 27 Reproduction and Embryonic Development12
- Ch. 28 Nervous Systems10
- Ch. 29 The Senses12
- Ch. 30 How Animals Move19
- Ch. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction9
- Ch. 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport12
- Ch. 33 Control Systems in Plants15
- Ch. 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments15
- Ch. 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment12
- Ch. 36 Population Ecology15
- Ch. 37 Communities and Ecosystems14
- Ch. 38 Conservation Biology14
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and ReproductionProblem 2
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and ReproductionProblem 2Chapter 31, Problem 2
In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?
a. Each one fertilizes a separate egg cell
b. One fertilizes an egg, and the other is kept in reserve
c. Both fertilize a single egg cell
d. One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the process of double fertilization in angiosperms: Angiosperms (flowering plants) undergo a unique process called double fertilization, where two sperm cells from a single pollen grain are involved in fertilization.
Recall the role of the first sperm: One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote, which will develop into the embryo of the seed.
Recall the role of the second sperm: The second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei in the central cell of the ovule, forming a triploid cell. This triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as stored food for the developing embryo.
Eliminate incorrect options: a) is incorrect because only one egg is fertilized. b) is incorrect because the second sperm is not kept in reserve. c) is incorrect because both sperm do not fertilize the same egg.
Select the correct answer: The correct answer is d) One sperm fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food, which aligns with the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Double Fertilization
Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm. This endosperm serves as a nutrient source for the developing embryo, making it crucial for seed development.
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Double Fertilization
Pollen Grain Structure
A pollen grain in angiosperms contains two sperm cells and is the male gametophyte. Upon landing on a compatible stigma, it germinates and forms a pollen tube that delivers the sperm cells to the ovule, where fertilization occurs. Understanding this structure is essential for grasping how fertilization takes place.
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Angiosperm Reproductive Cycle
The reproductive cycle of angiosperms involves the alternation of generations, where the diploid sporophyte produces haploid gametes through meiosis. This cycle includes the formation of flowers, pollination, fertilization, and seed development, highlighting the complex interactions between male and female gametes in plant reproduction.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Match questions 3–8 with options a–f.
3. Attracts pollinator
4. Develops into seed
5. Protects flower before it opens
6. Produces sperm
7. Produces pollen
8. Houses ovules
a. Pollen grain
b. Ovule
c. Anther
d. Ovary
e. Sepal
f. Petal
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Textbook Question
Place these tissues in order, starting at the center of a woody stem. (Hint: Review Figure 31.8A.).
a. Vascular cambium
b. Primary phloem
c. Epidermis
d. Primary xylem
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Textbook Question
While walking in the woods, you encounter an unfamiliar nonwoody flowering plant. If you want to know whether it is a monocot or eudicot, it would not help to look at the
a. Number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, present in its seeds
b. Shape of its root system
c. Arrangement of vascular bundles in its stem
d. Size of the plant
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