Textbook Question
After glucose is fully oxidized by glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle, where is most of its energy stored?
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Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Freeman7th EditionBiological ScienceISBN: 9783584863285
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Biology: The Study of Life11
- Ch. 2 - Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life10
- Ch.3 - Protein Structure and Function11
- Ch.4 - Nucleic Acids and the RNA World10
- Ch. 5 - An Introduction to Carbohydrates10
- Ch. 6 - Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells10
- Ch. 7 - Inside the Cell10
- Ch. 8 - Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism10
- Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation16
- Ch. 10 - Photosynthesis14
- Ch. 11 - Cell-Cell Interactions14
- Ch. 12 - The Cell Cycle12
- Ch. 13 - Meiosis13
- Ch. 14 - Mendel and the Gene32
- Ch. 15 - DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair8
- Ch. 16 - How Genes Work35
- Ch. 17 - Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation16
- Ch. 18 - Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria19
- Ch. 19 - Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes17
- Ch. 20 - The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology, Genomics, and New Frontiers23
- Ch. 21 - Genes, Development, and Evolution13
- Ch. 22 - Evolution by Natural Selection17
- Ch. 23 - Evolutionary Processes13
- Ch. 24 - Speciation15
- Ch. 25 - Phylogenies and the History of Life13
- Ch. 26 - Bacteria and Archaea17
- Ch. 27 - Diversification of Eukaryotes19
- Ch. 28 - Green Algae and Land Plants18
- Ch. 29 - Fungi19
- Ch. 30 - An Introduction to Animals9
- Ch. 31 - Protostome Animals20
- Ch. 32 - Deuterostome Animals19
- Ch. 33 - Viruses16
- Ch. 34 - Plant Form and Function16
- Ch. 35 - Water and Sugar Transport in Plants16
- Ch. 36 - Plant Nutrition13
- Ch. 37 - Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses16
- Ch. 38 - Flowering Plant Reproduction and Development16
- Ch. 39 - Animal Form and Function16
- Ch. 40 - Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals16
- Ch. 41 - Animal Nutrition16
- Ch. 42 - Gas Exchange and Circulation16
- Ch. 43 - Animal Nervous Systems16
- Ch. 44 - Animal Sensory Systems16
- Ch. 45 - Animal Movement11
- Ch. 46 - Chemical Signals in Animals16
- Ch. 47 - Animal Reproduction and Development18
- Ch. 48 - The Immune System in Animals16
- Ch. 49 - An Introduction to Ecology16
- Ch. 50 - Behavioral Ecology16
- Ch. 51 - Population Ecology16
- Ch. 52 - Community Ecology20
- Ch. 53 - Ecosystems and Global Ecology16
- Ch. 54 - Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology16
Chapter 9, Problem 5
Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the basic definitions: Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, forming ATP. This process occurs in the cytoplasm during glycolysis and in the mitochondria during the Krebs cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation, on the other hand, involves the production of ATP using the energy derived from the electron transport chain and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Identify the location and conditions: Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria and does not require oxygen, making it an anaerobic process. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen, making it an aerobic process.
Examine the role of enzymes and intermediates: In substrate-level phosphorylation, specific enzymes directly facilitate the transfer of phosphate to ADP. In oxidative phosphorylation, the process is driven by a series of protein complexes and mobile electron carriers in the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the generation of a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
Consider the efficiency and yield: Oxidative phosphorylation is generally more efficient, producing up to about 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, compared to a smaller yield from substrate-level phosphorylation, which contributes directly to the formation of only 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Discuss the biological significance: Both processes are crucial for cellular energy production, but oxidative phosphorylation provides the majority of the ATP used by aerobic cells to support energy-intensive processes, while substrate-level phosphorylation can supply energy quickly even in the absence of oxygen.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic process that directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP. This occurs in specific enzymatic reactions, primarily during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, it does not involve the electron transport chain and is less efficient in terms of ATP yield.
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03:00
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that occurs in the mitochondria, where ATP is produced through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through a series of proteins, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. This method is more efficient than substrate-level phosphorylation, yielding significantly more ATP per glucose molecule.
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06:27Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP Yield Comparison
The comparison of ATP yield between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation highlights their efficiency differences. Substrate-level phosphorylation typically produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, while oxidative phosphorylation can generate approximately 28-34 ATP molecules per glucose. This stark contrast underscores the importance of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration and energy production.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Which of the following correctly describe the fermentation pathway? Select True or False for each statement.
T/FIt includes a reaction that oxidizes NADH to NAD+.
T/FIt synthesizes ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
T/FIt includes a reaction that reduces NAD+ to NADH.
T/FIt synthesizes electron acceptors, so that cellular respiration can continue.
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Textbook Question
Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Textbook Question
If you were to expose cells that are undergoing aerobic respiration to a radioactive oxygen isotope in the form of O2, which of the following molecules would you expect to be radiolabeled?
a. Pyruvate
b. Water
c. NADH
d. CO2
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Textbook Question
In step 3 of the citric acid cycle, the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase is regulated by NADH. Compare and contrast the regulation of this enzyme with the regulation of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis.
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Textbook Question
Explain the relationship between electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. How do uncoupling proteins 'uncouple' this relationship in brown adipose tissue?
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