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Hypothesis Testing: Proportions - Excel definitions

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  • Null Hypothesis
    A statement asserting that a population parameter equals a specific value, serving as the default assumption in statistical testing.
  • Alternative Hypothesis
    A claim suggesting a population parameter differs from the null value, representing what evidence is being sought in the test.
  • Population Proportion
    A value representing the fraction of individuals in a population with a particular characteristic, often denoted as p.
  • Sample Proportion
    A value calculated by dividing the number of successes in a sample by the sample size, providing an estimate of the population proportion.
  • Alpha Level
    A threshold probability, often set at 0.05, used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
  • Z-Score
    A standardized value indicating how many standard errors a sample proportion is from the hypothesized population proportion.
  • P-Value
    A probability measuring the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis, calculated from the test statistic.
  • Test Statistic
    A calculated value, such as a z-score, summarizing sample data for comparison with a theoretical distribution.
  • Standard Normal Distribution
    A bell-shaped curve with mean zero and standard deviation one, used to interpret z-scores and probabilities.
  • Left Tail Probability
    A cumulative probability representing the likelihood of observing a value less than or equal to a given test statistic.
  • Sample Size
    The total number of observations or responses collected in a study, often denoted as n.
  • Excel Function
    A built-in computational tool, such as COUNTIF or NORM.S.DIST, used to automate statistical calculations.
  • Critical Value
    A cutoff point on the test statistic scale that determines the boundary for rejecting the null hypothesis.
  • Statistical Inference
    A process of drawing conclusions about a population based on sample data and probability models.
  • Cumulative Distribution Function
    A function that gives the probability a random variable is less than or equal to a specific value.